Research groups
Research
My research is broad and is based in clastic sedimentology, which is the study of how pieces of rock break down, are transported and deposited. This is important, as these deposits tell the history of the Earth, and because these pieces of rock may act as reservoirs, resources, substrates for installations or geohazards. I focus on how uplands and sedimentary basins are connected in space and time, how sedimentary architecture impacts the flow of fluids and intrusions in sedimentary basins, and how sedimentary processes may act as hazards to society.
Particular interests:
- Understanding how heterogeneity in sedimentary deposits can be predicted in limited, subsurface datasets.
- Unraveling how sedimentary landscapes and their deposits evolve and are linked in space and time.
- Creating and investigating geohazard records.
- Understanding how volcanic intrusions are influenced by sedimentary host rock.
- Improving geological surveys for offshore wind sites
For a list of my publications, go here: https://scholar.google.no/citations?hl=en&user=j3LGYEAAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate
Outreach
I believe academics owe the community around us to show what we do and why we do it. I do this by taking high school students to the field around Bergen several times a year, by presenting about geology and my research to interested members of the public, and by writing about geology in newspapers and popular science magazines about topics such as recent floods in Western Norway, igneous intrusions and climate changes on the planet Mars.
I am also an enthusiastic poster on Instagram profile of the University of Bergen, @unibergen, where I mainly show pictures from field work and field courses.
Teaching
I teach the course GEOV360 - Advanced clastic sedimentology which is a classroom and lab-based course dealing with the physics of sediment transport, sedimentary processes in different sedimentary environments, and description and interpretation of sedimentary rocks in core and outcrop. This course is taught intensively, and looks at fundamental models and cutting-edge developments in clastic sedimentary research.
I also teach the biannual Integrated sedimentology and tectonics field course in the Spanish Pyrenees, which is a fantastic area to investigate proximal-to-distal relationships in sedimentary systems, and the influence of tectonics on sedimentation. Click here for a few pictures: https://www.uib.no/en/geo/98774/knowledge-and-experiences-pyrenees
Finally, I teach the annual Reservoir Geological Field Course in the Book Cliffs of Utah, one of the best places in the world to study reservoir- to basin-scale sedimentology and reservoir geology. You can find a short article about this course here.
Publications
Lecture
- Eide, Christian Haug (2024). STUDENTENES OPPLEVELSE AV FREMTIDENS KOMPETANSEBEHOVOG HVORDAN DETTE ER TILRETTELAGT PÅ HØYSKOLER OG UNIVERSITETER I DAG. (external link)
- Mugwanya, Kirabo; Eide, Christian Haug; Gawthorpe, Rob (2024). Integrating a sparse data set in a multi-scale reservoir characterisation.. (external link)
- Nygaard, Madeleine Skov; Planke, Sverre; Berndt, Christian et al. (2024). IODP Exp. 396 Drilling and High-Resolution 3D Seismic on the Mimir High. (external link)
- Aarnes, Ingrid; Arguello Scotti, Agustin; Skauvold, Jacob et al. (2023). Modelling shoreface geometries with a new facies-algorithm informed by geological rules and analogue data . (external link)
- Gilmullina, Albina; Klausen, Tore Grane; Doré, Anthony George et al. (2023). TRIASSIC SEDIMENT ROUTING SYSTEM AS A TOOL FOR PLATE TECTONICS RECONSTRUCTIONS. (external link)
- Kling, Melanie; Sirevaag, Hallgeir; Eide, Christian Haug (2022). Evolution of a clastic source-to-sink system through the Permian-Triassic transition: Provenance and petrography of the Havert Formation on Finnmark Platform, Barents Sea, Norway. (external link)
- Gilmullina, Albina; Klausen, Tore Grane; Doré, Anthony George et al. (2021). Triassic sediment supply reconstructions in the Greater Barents Sea Basin. (external link)
- Gilmullina, Albina; Klausen, Tore Grane; Helland-Hansen, William et al. (2019). Распространение и характеристика триасовых отложений Баренцевоморского бассейна (Норвежский и Российский сектор). (external link)
- Fossen, Haakon; Wrona, Thilo; Lecomte, Isabelle et al. (2019). Seismic Signature of Shear Zones: Insights from 2-D PSF-based Convolution Modelling. (external link)
- Buckley, Simon John; Ringdal, Kari; Dolva, Benjamin et al. (2017). Digital outcrop modelling results and workflows for derived synthetic seismic imaging. (external link)
- Eide, Christian Haug; Klausen, Tore Grane; Helland-Hansen, William (2017). An integrated view of sedimentary systems in the Triassic Barents Sea. (external link)
Academic lecture
- Eide, Christian Haug (2024). Geoscience and NCS Subsurface role in the Energy Transition. (external link)
- Alain, Lucie Manon; Eide, Christian Haug (2024). Sedimentology of a heterolithic tidally-influenced deltaic succession and implications for chlorite coating –Tilje Formation, Halten and Dønna Terraces, Offshore Mid-Norway.. (external link)
- Eide, Christian Haug (2023). THE GULE HORN FM, EAST GREENLAND - AN OUTCROP ANALOGUE TO THE TILJE FORMATION: Depositional environments, sandbody dimensions & implications for chlorite coats. (external link)
- Kling, Melanie; Sirevaag, Hallgeir; Pucéat, Emmanuelle et al. (2023). Weathering response of a clastic source-to-sink system to extreme environmental perturbations: the Permian-Triassic transition on Finnmark Platform, Barents Sea. (external link)
- Arguello Scotti, Agustin; Aarnes, Ingrid; Skauvold, Jacob et al. (2023). Next generation reservoir modelling algortithms - Shallow marine environments. (external link)
- Arguello Scotti, Agustin; Aarnes, Ingrid; Eide, Christian Haug et al. (2023). Modeling Shoreface Geometries of the Kenilworth Member, Blackhawk Formation, with the Geopard Algorithm. (external link)
- Arguello Scotti, Agustin; Aarnes, Ingrid; Eide, Christian Haug et al. (2022). Testing a rule-based approach for reservoir modelling of shoreface successions: the GEOPARD algorithm. (external link)
- Arguello Scotti, Agustin; Eide, Christian Haug; Aarnes, Ingrid et al. (2022). Defining the basic rules that describe long-term shoreface dynamics: A process-mimicking approach for reservoir modelling. (external link)
- Sirevaag, Hallgeir; Eide, Christian Haug; Gilmullina, Albina et al. (2022). Provenance of the Middle Triassic Kobbe Formation in the SW Barents Sea. (external link)
- Kling, Melanie; Sirevaag, Hallgeir; Eide, Christian Haug (2022). Response of a clastic source-to-sink system to extreme environmental perturbations: the Permian-Triassic transition on Finnmark. (external link)
- Kling, Melanie; Sirevaag, Hallgeir; Eide, Christian Haug (2022). Evolution of a clastic source-to-sink system across the Permian-Triassic transition: Petrography, sediment volumes and provenance of the Røye and Havert formations, Barents Sea, Norway. (external link)
- Gilmullina, Albina; Klausen, Tore Grane; Doré, Anthony George et al. (2021). Triassic sediment supply in the Greater Barents Sea Basin and its implications for the Arctic. (external link)
- Bradaric, Alma Dzozlic; Andersen, Trond; Lecomte, Isabelle et al. (2021). What do small-scale sand injectites look like in 2D seismic data?. (external link)
- Haile, Beyene Girma; Line, Lina Hedvig; Klausen, Tore Grane et al. (2021). Identifying and constraining sedimentary recycling from microscopic fluid inclusions in quartz overgrowth. (external link)
- Eide, Christian Haug; Gilmullina, Albina; Sirevaag, Hallgeir et al. (2021). Sediment transport and upland linkages in an enormous intracratonic Basin - Insights from cross-disciplinary source-to-sink studies in the Triassic Greater Barents Sea Basin . (external link)
- Eide, Christian Haug; Gilmullina, Albina; Pedersen, Leif-Erik Rydland (2021). Provenance of the Middle Triassic Kobbe Formation in the SW Barents Sea – constraining the Fennoscandian sand and locating the mixing zone. (external link)
- Eide, Christian Haug; Rossi, Valentina Marzia; Gilmullina, Albina et al. (2020). Towards a revised stratigraphic framework for the Triassic in the Norwegian Barents Sea. (external link)
- Gilmullina, Albina; Eide, Christian Haug; Klausen, Tore Grane (2020). Sedimentation rates in the Greater Barents Sea throughout the Triassic. (external link)
- Sirevaag, Hallgeir; Eide, Christian Haug; Gilmullina, Albina et al. (2020). Detrital zircon inventory of the Triassic Greater Barents Sea Basin: sediment transport and geodynamics. (external link)
- Eide, Christian Haug (2019). Stress state versus host-rock lithology as a control on architecture of igneous sheet intrusions. (external link)
- Thuesen, Thomas; Haflidason, Haflidi; Helland-Hansen, William et al. (2019). Sedimentation rates in recently glaciated fjord-valley systems - Insights from marine data in Fjærlandsfjorden, a tributary of Sognefjorden. (external link)
- Gilmullina, Albina; Klausen, Tore Grane; Helland-Hansen, William et al. (2019). Large-scale seismic correlation and sequence stratigraphy in the Triassic of the Barents Sea. (external link)
- Eide, Christian Haug; Hall, Adrian M. (2019). Linking erosion history in Northern Fennoscandia to stratigraphy in the Barents Sea over the last 600 Ma . (external link)
- Friestad, Espen; Eide, Christian Haug; Lecomte, Isabelle (2019). Synthetic seismic modelling of fluvial channels in the Blackhawk Formation as an analogue to the Triassic Barents Sea. (external link)
- Gilmullina, Albina; Klausen, Tore Grane; Eide, Christian Haug (2019). Regional correlation of Triassic clinoforms in the Greater Barents Sea Basin. (external link)
- Gilmullina, Albina; Klausen, Tore Grane; Eide, Christian Haug et al. (2019). Regional correlation of Triassic clinoforms in the Greater Barents Sea Basin. (external link)
- Fossen, Haakon; Lecomte, Isabelle; Wrona, Thilo et al. (2019). Seismic signature of shear zones: insights from 2-D convolution forward modelling . (external link)
- Eide, Christian Haug; Lecomte, Isabelle; Schofield, Nick et al. (2018). Seismic Interpretation of Mafic Sill-Complexes in Sedimentary Basins . (external link)
- Gilmullina, Albina; Klausen, Tore Grane; Helland-Hansen, William et al. (2018). Large-scale correlation and sedimentation rates throughout the Triassic Barents Sea mega-basin. (external link)
- Thuesen, Thomas; Haflidason, Haflidi; Helland-Hansen, William et al. (2018). Source-to-sink in a western Norwegian fjord-valley system - How do landslides, floods and eroding glaciers influence sediment supply in the Holocene?. (external link)
- Eide, Christian Haug; Klausen, Tore Grane; Katkov, Denis et al. (2017). Source-to-sink study of the southwestern Barents Sea margin: Using ancient catchments to constrain reservoir-quality sandstone. (external link)
- Eide, Christian Haug; Klausen, Tore Grane; Katkov, Denis et al. (2017). Linking an Early Triassic delta to antecedent topography: source-to-sink study of the southwestern Barents Sea margin. (external link)
Poster
- Wang, Xiaoyue; Eide, Christian Haug; Storms, Joep E.A. et al. (2024). Hydrodynamic- and reservoir modelling of chlorite-coated sandstones in the Norwegian Continental Shelf. (external link)
- Mugwanya, Kirabo; Eide, Christian Haug; Gawthorpe, Robert Leslie (2024). Triassic Sedimentary Geometries and Reservoir Heterogeneity Horda Platform, Northern North Sea.. (external link)
- Mugwanya, Kirabo; Eide, Christian Haug; Robert Leslie, Gawthorpe (2024). The Triassic sedimentology of the Horda platform & Utsira High: reservoir characterisation for CO2 Storage, intermittent H2 storage and intermittent hydrocarbon production.. (external link)
- Mugwanya, Kirabo; Eide, Christian Haug; Robert Leslie, Gawthorpe (2024). Reservoir Characterisation for CO2 Storage, Intermittent H2 storage and Intermittent hydrocarbon production. . (external link)
- Nygaard, Madeleine Skov; Planke, Sverre; Berndt, Christian et al. (2024). PALMAR – Paleogene Basin Development on the Vøring and Møre Margins. (external link)
- Arguello Scotti, Agustin; Eide, Christian Haug; Aarnes, Ingrid et al. (2023). From Concept to Reservoir Modelling: The Record of Tide-dominated, Progradational Shoreline Systems. (external link)
- Eide, Christian Haug; Gawthorpe, Robert Leslie (2023). Reservoir Characterization for CO2 Storage, Intermittent H2 storage and Intermittent hydrocarbon production. (external link)
- Valore, Lucas; Eide, Christian Haug; Sømme, Tor Oftedal (2021). Tectonic influence of Large Igneous Provinces on source-to-sink systems, the case study of Shetland during the Palaeocene - Preliminary results. (external link)
- Kling, Melanie; Sirevaag, Hallgeir; Pucéat, Emmanuelle et al. (2021). Impact of climatic step-changes on source-to-sink systems: Petrographic changes across the Permian-Triassic changes on the Finnmark Platform, Barents Sea, N Norway. (external link)
- Gilmullina, Albina; Klausen, Tore Grane; Helland-Hansen, William et al. (2019). Distribution and characteristics of the Triassic sequences in the Barents Sea mega-basin. (external link)
- Klette, Amalie Krog; Haflidason, Haflidi; Nesje, Atle et al. (2019). Mapping of late Holocene avalanche processes in Fjærlandsfjorden based on marine data.. (external link)
Abstract
- Brendryen, Jo; Hussain, Waquas; Petrie, Hannah Elizabeth et al. (2024). Integrated Geological Investigations for Offshore Wind Infrastructure. (external link)
- Petrie, Hannah Elizabeth; Eide, Christian Haug; Haflidason, Haflidi et al. (2022). Geological Conditions for Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations at the Sørlige Nordsjø II site, Norwegian North Sea. (external link)
- Petrie, Hannah Elizabeth; Eide, Christian Haug; Haflidason, Haflidi et al. (2021). A conceptual geological model for Utsira Nord offshore wind site in the Norwegian North Sea. Presentation and Conference paper. . (external link)
Academic article
- Petrie, Hannah Elizabeth; Eide, Christian Haug; Haflidason, Haflidi et al. (2024). An integrated geological characterization of the Mid-Pleistocene to Holocene geology of the Sørlige Nordsjø II offshore wind site, southern North Sea. (external link)
- Kjenes, Martin; Eide, Christian Haug; Arguello Scotti, Agustin et al. (2024). Lithological influence on sill geometry in sedimentary basins: Controls and recognition in reflection seismic data. (external link)
- Valore, Lucas Albanese; Sømme, Tor Oftedal; Patruno, Stefano et al. (2024). Palaeogeography and 3D variability of a dynamically uplifted shelf: Observations from seismic stratigraphy of the Palaeocene East Shetland Platform. (external link)
- Valore, Lucas Albanese; Sømme, Tor Oftedal; Eide, Christian Haug (2024). High-resolution sediment mass-budget of the Shetland Platform during the Palaeocene - Early Eocene – constraints on external forcing by uplift and climate. (external link)
- Kilhams, Ben; Chedburn, Lauren; Layfield, Lucinda et al. (2022). Challenges and opportunities for hydrocarbon exploration within the Mesozoic sub-basalt plays of the Norwegian Atlantic Margin. (external link)
- Kjenes, Martin; Eide, Christian Haug; Schofield, Nick et al. (2022). Alkaline sill intrusions in sedimentary basins: emplacement of the Mussentuchit Wash Sill in San Rafael Swell, Utah. (external link)
- Gilmullina, Albina; Klausen, Tore Grane; Doré, Anthony George et al. (2022). Arctic sediment routing during the Triassic: sinking the Arctic Atlantis. (external link)
- Petrie, Hannah Elizabeth; Eide, Christian Haug; Haflidason, Haflidi et al. (2022). A conceptual geological model for offshore wind sites in former ice stream settings: The Utsira Nord site, North Sea. (external link)
- Kilhams, Ben; Chedburn, Lauren; Schofield, Nick et al. (2021). The spatial distribution of igneous centres along the Norwegian Atlantic Margin (Møre and Vøring) and their relationship to magmatic plumbing systems. (external link)
- Bradaric, Alma Dzozlic; Andersen, Trond; Lecomte, Isabelle Christine et al. (2021). Recognition and characterization of small-scale sand injectites in seismic data: implications for reservoir development. (external link)
- Hellevang, Helge; Line, Lina Hedvig; Eide, Christian Haug et al. (2021). Insights into past tectonism from authigenic quartz. (external link)
- Gilmullina, Albina; Klausen, Tore Grane; Doré, Anthony George et al. (2021). Linking sediment supply variations and tectonic evolution in deep time, source-to-sink systems—The Triassic Greater Barents Sea Basin. (external link)
- Eide, Christian Haug; Schofield, Nick; Howell, John Anthony et al. (2021). Transport of mafic magma through the crust and sedimentary basins: Jameson Land, East Greenland. (external link)
- Wrona, Thilo; Fossen, Haakon; Lecomte, Isabelle et al. (2020). Seismic expression of shear zones: Insights from 2-D point-spread-function-based convolution modelling. (external link)
- Gilmullina, Albina; Klausen, Tore Grane; Paterson, Niall William et al. (2020). Regional correlation and seismic stratigraphy of Triassic Strata in the Greater Barents Sea: implications for sediment transport in Arctic basins. (external link)
- Haile, Beyene Girma; Line, Lina Hedvig; Klausen, Tore Grane et al. (2020). Quartz overgrowth textures and fluid inclusion thermometry evidence for basin-scale sedimentary recycling: An example from the Mesozoic Barents Sea Basin. (external link)
- Senger, Kim; Betlem, Peter; Birchall, Thomas et al. (2020). Using digital outcrops to make the high Arctic more accessible through the Svalbox database. (external link)
- Müller, Reidar; Klausen, Tore Grane; Faleide, Jan Inge et al. (2019). Linking regional unconformities in the Barents Sea to compression-induced forebulge uplift at the Triassic-Jurassic transition. (external link)
- Mark, Niall; Holford, Simon; Schofield, Nick et al. (2019). Structural and lithological controls on the geometry and morphology of igneous intrusions: a 3D seismic case study from the Exmouth sub-basin, NW Shelf. (external link)
- Rossi, Valentina Marzia; Paterson, Niall William; Helland-Hansen, William et al. (2019). Mud-rich delta-scale compound clinoforms in the Triassic shelf of northern Pangea (Havert Formation, south-western Barents Sea). (external link)
- Ainsworth, R. Bruce; Vakarelov, Boyan K.; Eide, Christian Haug et al. (2019). Linking the high-resolution architecture of modern and ancient wave-dominated deltas: Processes, products, and forcing factors. (external link)
- Mark, Niall; Holford, Simon P.; Schofield, Nick et al. (2019). Structural and lithological controls on the architecture of igneous intrusions: examples from the NW Australian Shelf. (external link)
- Eide, Christian Haug; Schofield, Nick; Lecomte, Isabelle et al. (2018). Seismic interpretation of sill complexes in sedimentary basins: Implications for the sub-sill imaging problem. (external link)
- Eide, Christian Haug; Muller, Reidar; Helland-Hansen, William (2018). Using climate to relate water-discharge and area in modern and ancient catchments. (external link)
- Nyberg, Bjørn R.; Helland-Hansen, William; Gawthorpe, Rob et al. (2018). Revisiting morphological relationships of modern source-to-sink segments as a first-order approach to scale ancient sedimentary systems. (external link)
- Klausen, Tore Grane; Torland, Jonas Aas; Eide, Christian Haug et al. (2017). Clinoform development and topset evolution in a mud-rich delta - the Middle Triassic Kobbe Formation, Norwegian Barents Sea. (external link)
Doctoral dissertation
- Eide, Christian Haug; Schofield, Nick; Rotevatn, Atle et al. (2023). Lithological controls on architecture and development of igneous intrusions in sedimentary basins. (external link)
- Eide, Christian Haug; Haflidason, Haflidi; Watton, Timothy et al. (2023). An integrated geological characterization of marine ground conditions in the North Sea. (external link)
- Gilmullina, Albina; Eide, Christian Haug; Klausen, Tore Grane et al. (2021). Stratigraphy, sediment volumes and source-to-sink of the Triassic Greater Barents Sea Basin and surrounding Arctic Region. (external link)
Masters thesis
- Østigård, Anders Nordstrand; Eide, Christian Haug; Haflidason, Haflidi (2021). Fjordsedimenter som arkiv for skredhendelser i Vestlandske fjordstrøk - Aurlandsfjorden. (external link)
- Anna, Bøgh Mannerfelt; Eide, Christian Haug; Jensen, Maria (2021). 3D modelling and interpretation of depositional elements in the Aspelintoppen Formation, Spitsbergen, Svalbard, a facies analysis. (external link)
- Bradaric, Alma Dzozlic; Lecomte, Isabelle; Eide, Christian Haug et al. (2020). Seismic signature and detectability of small-scale sand injectites: insights from 2D Point-Spread Function based convolution modelling. (external link)
- Klette, Amalie Krog; Haflidason, Haflidi; Eide, Christian Haug (2019). Holosene skred- og flomprosesser i Fjærlandsfjorden basert på marine data. (external link)
- Hagevold, Sondre; Lecomte, Isabelle; Eide, Christian Haug et al. (2019). From outcrop to synthetic seismic: 2D and 3D modelling of igneous intrusions at Botneheia, central Spitsbergen.. (external link)
- Helland, Anine Eikrem; Eide, Christian Haug (2019). Integration of drone data and field investigations to investigate avalanche potential in steep cliffs, with examples from Western Norway. (external link)
- Borgenvik, Jørgen Håstø; Eide, Christian Haug (2019). Reservoir characterization of the Stø Formation (Realgrunnen Subgroup) in the Fingerdjupet Subbasin, NW Barents Sea . (external link)
- Eide, Christian Haug; Friestad, Espen (2018). Synthetic seismic modelling of fluvial channels in the Blackhawk Formation as an analogue to the Triassic Barents Sea. (external link)
- Eide, Christian Haug; Løvestad, Aasmund Olav (2018). Mudstone-rich fluvial systems as reservoirs: The Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation, Eastern Utah. (external link)
- Gjerdingen, Hedda Sofie; Haflidason, Haflidi; Eide, Christian Haug (2018). Identifisering av flomavsetninger i fjorder på Vestlandet - Aurlandsfjorden og Lærdalsfjorden. (external link)
Academic chapter/article/Conference paper
See a complete overview of publications in Cristin.
My publications are listed above by category.
Preprints and postprints of papers which are not open access are available from EarthArXiv here: https://eartharxiv.org/discover?q=ch%20eide
Projects
Marine geological ground surveys for offshore wind sites - To ensure cost-effective development of offshore wind sites and efficient selection of anchor solutions, it is important to have detailed knowledge on the marine ground conditions. In this project, we will improve survey methods and interpretation frameworks for offshore wind on formerly glaciated coasts and conduct scientific cruises to the announced Norwegian offshore wind sites. Project co-leader and main PhD supervisor. Funded by Equinor through the Akademia agreement.
Geostatistical Event-based Objectmodel Predicted from Analogue Reservoir Deposits (GEOPARD) - The goal of this project is to develop the next generation of reservoir modelling algorithms through advanced geostatistics and geological rules which are integrated in the modelling approach. With Norwegian Computing Centre and NTNU. Work package leader and postdoc supervisor. Funded by the Norwegian Research Council.
Source-to-Sink study of the Barents Sea (ISBAR) - Understanding the sediment routing systems, mass balance and landscape of the Triassic and early Jurassic of the Barents Sea. Project leader. Funded by the Norwegian Research Council, researcher project.
Fluid modelling, uplift and erosion of the greater Barents Sea (FueBAR) - Understanding uplift, erosion and fluid generation of the Barents Sea through thermochronology, seisimc interpretation and basin modelling. Collaborative project between the University of Bergen and Moscow State University, funded by the Norwegian Research Council and the Russian Fund for Basic Research.
S2S-Future: Signal Propagation in source to sink for the Future of Earth Resources and Energies (S2S-Future) - Work-package leader for WP1: Understanding perennial S2S dynamics in response to long-term tectonic and climatic signals in deep time. Funded by the European Research Council, Innovative training network project.
Revision of the Triassic Stratigraphy in the Barents Sea - Project leader. Funded by the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate.
Intrusions in sedimentary basins - Understanding the controls on architecture of mafic sill complexes in sedimentary basins, how they are imaged in seismic data, and how they influence subsurface geothermal energy and hydrocarbon systems.
Western Norwegian Floods - Using the sedimentary record to understanding Holocene variability of floods in Western Norway, and how these rivers are coupled to their cachments.