Viruses are the most abundant biological entities on the planet. In one drop of seawater there is as many as one million viruses. This means that there are more viruses in one litre of seawater than humans on our planet. Most of these viruses infect microbes, that is bacteria, archaea and phytoplankton, the main primary producers of the world’s oceans. By infecting and killing these microbes, viruses affect all microbial processes, such as global fixation and cycling of key elements e.g. carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous. However, not all viruses cause harm to their hosts. Some have developed different ways to “live” in peace with their host or even being beneficial for host survival. How these different forms of relationships are established, and how they affect the function of the host community, is however unknown. My primary research objective is to discover basic mechanisms of virus-host interaction that contribute to a general understanding of how viruses affect the biodiversity of their host population in the marine microbial foodweb.

Research topics:

• Describe and qualify the dynamics and diversity of viral communities and their effects on the host community in natural and experimental ecosystems.
• Gain fundamental knowledge of how marine algal viruses and their phytoplankton hosts evolve from an acute disease state to peaceful co-existence by examining specific traits (fitness traits/trade-offs)
• Uncovering the keys to success of viruses in Artic marine environments

Poster

• Ruiz Martinez, Eliana; Larsen, Aud; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne et al. (2024). Phaeoviruses present in cultured and natural kelp species, Saccharina latissima and Laminaria hyperborea (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales), in Norway.. (external link)
• Wang, Haina; Saltvedt, Marius Rydningen; Blanc-Mathieu, Romain et al. (2022). Genomes of two giant viruses and their capacity in the infection cycles. (external link)
• Saltvedt, Marius Rydningen; Wang, Haina; Lawrence, Janice et al. (2022). Friend or enemy: The story of a frenemy relationship between a virus and its host. (external link)
• Arsin, Hasan; Fedøy, Anita-Elin; Røyseth, Victoria et al. (2020). Bringing deep-sea enzymes to light. (external link)
• Arsin, Hasan; Fedøy, Anita-Elin; Røyseth, Victoria et al. (2020). Enzyme discovery from the edge of (sequence) space. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Johanessen, Torill; Lawrence, Janice et al. (2017). Diversity of novel viruses infecting haptophytes. (external link)
• Kegel, Jessica U.; Johannessen, Torill Vik; John, Uwe et al. (2016). RNA-Seq analysis of host and viral gene expression highlights the interaction between Prymnesium kappa and the virus HeV-RF02.. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Ray, Jessica Louise; Storesund, Julia Endresen et al. (2016). Marine viral diversity in the Arctic - from surface to deep waters through the long polar night and day.. (external link)
• Le Moine Bauer, Sven; Steen, Ida Helene; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne et al. (2014). Microbial community changes within a chimney wall at the basalt-hosted Jan Mayen vent field (JMVF):Modeled predictions vs. Pyrosequencing data. (external link)
• Egge, Elianne Sirnæs; Eikrem, Wenche; Hostyeva, Vladyslava et al. (2012). Diversity and seasonal dynamics of haptophytes in outer Oslofjorden revealed by 454 pyrosequencing. (external link)
• Larsen, Aud; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Thyrhaug, Runar et al. (2011). Pelagiske virus i Kongsfjord. (external link)
• Ray, Jessica Louise; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Larsen, Aud (2011). Virus resistance in eukariotic marine phytoplankton - a status update. (external link)
• Ray, Jessica Louise; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Larsen, Aud (2011). Virus resistance in marine phytoplankton - a status update. (external link)
• Ray, Jessica Louise; Haramaty, Liti; Fredricks, Helen F et al. (2010). Host-viruses interactions in blooming and non-blooming haptophytes. (external link)
• Heldal, Mikal; Norland, Svein; Erichsen, Egil Severin et al. (2005). Mg2+ plays an important role in marine bacteria. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Larsen, Aud; Thingstad, Tron Frede (2004). Microbial biodiversity control. (external link)
• Brunvold, Laila; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Jakobsen, Anita et al. (2003). Inlet water flown over a biofilm with probiotic bacteria-a possible strategy to increase survival of scallop larvae?. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Bratbak, Gunnar (2000). A method for diversity analysis of viruses in small volumes of seawater. (external link)
• Bratbak, Gunnar; Brussaard, Corina; Castberg, Tonje et al. (1999). Virus i Havet. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Enger, Øyvind (1993). In situ transfer in the marine environment of a broad host range plasmid indigenious to Aeromonas salmonicida. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Enger, Ø. (1993). Transfer of a broad host range plasmid from Aeromonas salmonicida to bacteria indigenous to the marine environment. (external link)

Academic lecture

• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (2024). How low abundant viruses and their hosts coexist in the ocean. (external link)
• Bjune, Anne Elisabeth; Bratbak, Gunnar; Eliassen, Sigrunn et al. (2023). Omlegging fra tradisjonelle forelesninger til studentaktiv læring – eksempel fra et grunnemne i biolog. (external link)
• Saltvedt, Marius Rydningen; Wang, Haina; Dahle, Håkon et al. (2023). PERSISTENT VIRUS PRODUCTION BY PHYTOPLANKTON. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (2023). How do low abundant viruses and their host survive in the ocean?. (external link)
• Wang, Haina; Saltvedt, Marius Rydningen; Blanc-Mathieu, Romain et al. (2022). Genomes of two giant viruses and their capacity in the infection cycles. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (2021). Algal virus infection strategies and their effect on host diversity . (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (2020). Diversity in marine virus-host relationships and their effect of phytoplankton community structure. . (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Blanc-Mathieu, Romain; Dahle, Håkon et al. (2019). Friends or foes, strategies for stable co-existance in algel viruses infecting haptophytes. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (2018). Reluctant affairs-algal virus-haptophyte relationship in the Ocean. . (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (2018). Diversity of marine prymnesioviruses and their strategies for stable co-existence with their phytoplankton hosts. (external link)
• Ray, Jessica Louise; Enault, François; Johannessen, Torill Vik et al. (2017). from light to dark and shallow to deep: Metagenomic analysis of total virus assemblages from arctic seawater provides a first glance of season- and depth-driven virus diversity and dynamics. (external link)
• Tsagaraki, Tatiana; Egge, Jorun Karin; Bratbak, Gunnar et al. (2017). Microbial Food web structure in a changing Arctic.. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Ray, Jessica Louise; Enoult, Francois et al. (2017). Light and depth - main drivers of marine virus diversity and dynamics in the Arctic - Metagenomic analysis of total viral assemblages from surface to the deep . (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (2017). Marine viruses, small but important. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (2017). Marine viruses small but ecologically important. (external link)
• Paulsen, Maria Lund; Doré, Hugo; Garczarek, Laurence et al. (2017). Synechococcus in the Arctic Ocean. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (2016). Marine Viruses are small but important. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (2016). Marine Viruses, small but major players in the ocean ecosystem. (external link)
• Ray, Jessica Louise; Johannessen, Torill Vik; Wilson, Brian C. et al. (2016). Development of a semi-automated method for metagenomic characterization of total virus assemblages from seasonal high-latitude seawater samples. (external link)
• Ray, Jessica Louise; Lawrence, Janice; Petelenz-Kurdziel, Elzbieta Anna et al. (2016). Role of appendicularians in aquatic viral ecology: particle trapping, ingestion and consequences for the marine microbial food web. (external link)
• Edvardsen, Bente; Egge, Elianne Sirnæs; Stadniczenko, Sandra Gran et al. (2015). Diversity, seasonal dynamics and biotic interactions in marine phytoplankton and virus communities. (external link)
• Edvardsen, Bente; Egge, Elianne Sirnæs; Stadniczenko, Sandra Gran et al. (2015). Diversity and seasonal dynamics of marine haptophytes and their viruses and the role of biotic interactions. (external link)
• Edvardsen, Bente; Egge, Elianne Sirnæs; Johannessen, Torill Vik et al. (2014). Diversity and seasonal dynamics of marine haptophytes and their viruses. (external link)
• Edvardsen, Bente; Egge, Elianne Sirnæs; Torill Vik, Johannessen et al. (2013). Diversity and dynamics of marine haptophytes and their viruses. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Töpper, B; Larsen, Aud et al. (2012). Viruses, a controlling force on prokaryotic diversity?. (external link)
• Egge, Elianne Sirnæs; Eikrem, Wenche; Hostyeva, Vladyslava et al. (2012). Diversity and seasonal dynamics of haptophytes in outer Oslofjorden revealed by 454 pyrosequencing. (external link)
• Egge, Elianne Sirnæs; Eikrem, Wenche; Hostyeva, Vladyslava et al. (2012). Diversity and seasonal dynamics of haptophytes in outer Oslofjorden revealed by 454 pyrosequencing. (external link)
• Pagarete, Antonio; Puntervoll, Pål; Lanzén, Anders et al. (2011). Geographic segregation and mechanisms of genetic evolution between coccolithovirus populations: a genomic study. (external link)
• Ray, Jessica Louise; Haramaty, Liti; Fredricks, Helen F et al. (2010). Host-viruses interactions in blooming and non-blooming haptophytes. (external link)
• Ray, Jessica Louise; Larsen, Aud; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (2009). Live and let die: Molecular methods for studying host-virus interactions using Chrysochromulina ericina and CeV-01B as a model system. (external link)
• Thingstad, T.F.; Bellerby, Richard; Bratbak, Gunnar et al. (2008). Increased level of CO2 in the ecosphere may modify the structure of marine plankton. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (2007). Burden or Benefit- virus-host interactions in the marine environment. (external link)
• Thyrhaug, Runar; Einen, Jørn; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne et al. (2007). Total numbers and activity of environmental airborne bacteria. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (2006). Viral community analysis. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (2005). VIRAL DIVERSITY IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT. EFFECT ON THE SPECIES RICHNESS OF PLANKTONIC ORGANISMS. (external link)
• Jacobsen, Anita; Martinez-Martinez, J; Verity, P et al. (2005). Are colonies or colonial cells of Phaeocystis pouchetii (prymnesiophyceae) susceptible to virus infection?. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Larsen, Aud; Thingstad, Tron Frede (2005). Viral diversity in the marine environment. Effect on the species richness and activity of planktonic organisms. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Bratbak, Gunnar (2004). Viral diversity in solar saltern. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Brunvold, Laila; Jakobsen, Anita et al. (2003). CHARACTERISATION OF BACTERIAL COMMUNITIES ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY LIFE STAGES OF CULTURED GREAT SCALLOP (PECTEN MAXIMUS), USING DENATURING GRADIENT GEL ELECTROPHORESIS (DGGE). (external link)
• Larsen, Aud; Thyrhaug, Runar; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne et al. (2002). Marine phytoplankton viruses - ecology, physiology and host virus interactions. (external link)
• Larsen, Aud; Castberg, Tonje; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne et al. (2002). Marine Phytoplankton Viruses-Ecology, Physiology and Host Virus Interactions. (external link)
• Brussaard, Corina; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Heldal, Mikal (2001). The discovery of a novel algal virus type infecxtion of the phytoplankter Micromonas pusilla by a double stranded RNA reovirus. (external link)
• Bratbak, Gunnar; Brussaard, Corina P. D.; Castberg, Tonje et al. (2000). Diversity and succession of algae, virus and bacteria in nutrient enriched seawater enclosures. (external link)
• Castberg, Tonje; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Bratbak, Gunnar (2000). Bacterial population dynamics and diversity after viral lysis of three different algal species. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Heldal, Mikal; Castberg, Tonje et al. (2000). Isolation and characterization of two marine viruses infecting Chrysochromulina ericina and Pyramimonas orientalis. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Larsen, Aud; Castberg, Tonje et al. (2000). Population dynamics in the virioplankton community during marine algal blooms. (external link)
• Brussaard, Corina P.D.; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Bratbak, Gunnar (2000). Infection of Micromonas pusilla (Prasinophyceae) by a dsRNA virus. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Thorsen, Berit Kristine; Mazengia, Kibret Yimer et al. (1998). Transfer of the naturally occuring plasmid pRAS1 affects the microbialdiversity in marine sediments. (external link)
• Eide, A.G.; Mazengia, K.Y.; Torsvik, Vigdis Lid et al. (1998). Spread of the plasmid pRAS1 in sea water and marine sediment - characterization of recipients [poster]. (external link)
• Thorsen, Berit Kristine; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Mazengia, Kibret Yimer et al. (1998). Transfer of the naturally occuring plasmid pRAS1 affects the microbiological diversity in marine sediments [poster]. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Daae, Frida Lise; Catberg, Tonje et al. (1998). Changes im the microbiological community structure and diversity in metal contaminated soils. (external link)
• Enger, Øivind; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (1998). Bacterial activity and diversity measured by differential-PCR. (external link)
• Torsvik, Vigdis Lid; Daae, Frida Lise; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne et al. (1997). Novel techniques for analysing microbial diversity in natural and perturbed environments. (external link)
• Torsvik, Vigdis Lid; Drønen, Karine; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne et al. (1997). Monitoring environmental impact of antropogenic activity on microbial communities. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Torsvik, Vigdis Lid (1996). Changes in the microbial diversity in soil due to heavy metal contamination. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Torsvik, Vigdis Lid (1996). Effect of heavy metal contamination on the microbial community structure in soil. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Torsvik, Vigdis Lid (1996). Molecular methods for investigating changes in microbial communities. (external link)

Academic article

• Ruiz Martinez, Eliana; Mckeown, Dean A.; Schroeder, Decland C. et al. (2023). Phaeoviruses Present in Cultured and Natural Kelp Species, Saccharina latissima and Laminaria hyperborea (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales), in Norway. (external link)
• Mayers, Kyle; Kuhlisch, Constanze; Basso, Jonelle T. R. et al. (2023). Grazing on Marine Viruses and Its Biogeochemical Implications. (external link)
• Tjendra, Jesslyn; Storesund, Julia Endresen; Dahle, Håkon et al. (2023). Molecular evidence of parallel evolution in a cyanophage. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Saltvedt, Marius Rydningen; Dahle, Håkon et al. (2021). Adaptive evolution of viruses infecting marine microalgae (haptophytes), from acute infections to stable coexistence. (external link)
• Blanc-Mathieu, Romain; Dahle, Håkon; Hofgaard, Antje et al. (2021). A persistent giant algal virus, with a unique morphology, encodes an unprecedented number of genes involved in energy metabolism. (external link)
• Mayers, Kyle; Lawrence, Janice; Skaar, Katrine Sandnes et al. (2021). Removal of large viruses and their dispersal through fecal pellets of the appendicularian Oikopleura dioica during Emiliania huxleyi bloom conditions. (external link)
• ARSIN, Hasan; Jasilionis, Andrius; Dahle, Håkon et al. (2021). Exploring codon adjustment strategies towards Escherichia coli-based production of viral proteins encoded by HTH1, a novel prophage of the marine bacterium Hypnocyclicus thermotrophus. (external link)
• Schatz, Daniella; Schleyer, Guy; Saltvedt, Marius Rydningen et al. (2021). Ecological significance of extracellular vesicles in modulating host-virus interactions during algal blooms. (external link)
• Rozenberg, A.; Opperman, J.; Wietek, J. et al. (2020). Lateral gene transfer of anion-conducting channelrhodopsins between green algae and giant viruses. (external link)
• Basso, J.T.R; Ankrah, N.Y.D; Tuttle, M.J. et al. (2020). Genetically similar temperate phages form coalitions with their shared host that lead to niche-specific fitness effects.. (external link)
• Thingstad, T. Frede; Våge, Selina; Bratbak, Gunnar et al. (2020). Reproducing the virus-to-copepod link in Arctic mesocosms using host fitness optimization.. (external link)
• Gran Stadniczeñko, Sandra; Krabberød, Anders Kristian; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne et al. (2019). Seasonal dynamics of algae-infecting viruses and their inferred interactions with protists. (external link)
• Le Moine Bauer, Sven; Stensland, Anne; Daae, Frida Lise et al. (2018). Water masses and depth structure prokaryotic and T4-like viral communities around hydrothermal systems of the Nordic Seas. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Storesund, Julia Endresen; Olesin, Emily Maria et al. (2018). Seasonality drives microbial community structure, shaping both eukaryotic and prokaryotic host–viral relationships in an Arctic marine ecosystem. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Bratbak, Gunnar (2018). Is the virus important? And some other questions. (external link)
• Ruiz Martinez, Eliana; Baudoux, Anne-Claire; Simon, Nathalie et al. (2017). Micromonas versus virus: New experimental insights challenge viral impact. (external link)
• Johannessen, Torill Vik; Larsen, Aud; Bratbak, Gunnar et al. (2017). Seasonal dynamics of haptophytes and dsDNA algal viruses suggest complex virus-host relationship. (external link)
• Ruiz Martinez, Eliana; Oosterhof, Monique; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne et al. (2017). Emerging interaction patterns in the Emiliania huxleyi-EhV system. (external link)
• Storesund, Julia Endresen; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Thingstad, T. Frede et al. (2017). Linking bacterial community structure to advection and environmental impact along a coast-fjord gradient of the Sognefjord, western Norway. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Pree, Bernadette; Larsen, Aud et al. (2017). The response of heterotrophic prokaryote and viral communities to labile organic carbon inputs is controlled by the predator food chain structure. (external link)
• Pitta, Paraskevi; Nejstgaard, Jens Christian; Tsagaraki, Tatiana et al. (2016). Confirming the "rapid phosphorus transfer from microorganisms to mesozooplankton in the eastern mediterranean sea" scenario through a mesocosm experiment. (external link)
• Paulsen, Maria Lund; Doré, Hugo; Garczarek, Laurence et al. (2016). Synechococcus in the Atlantic Gateway to the Arctic Ocean. (external link)
• Johannessen, Torill Vik; Bratbak, Gunnar; Larsen, Aud et al. (2015). Characterisation of three novel giant viruses reveals huge diversity among viruses infecting Prymnesiales (Haptophyta). (external link)
• Egge, Elianne Sirnæs; Johannessen, Torill Vik; Andersen, Tom et al. (2015). Seasonal diversity and dynamics of haptophytes in the Skagerrak, Norway, explored by high-throughput sequencing. (external link)
• Pagarete, António; Grébert, Théophile; Stepanova, Olga et al. (2015). Tsv-N1: A novel DNA algal virus that infects tetraselmis striata. (external link)
• Storesund, Julia Endresen; Erga, Svein Rune; Ray, Jessica Louise et al. (2015). Top-down and bottom-up control on bacterial diversity in a western Norwegian deep-silled fjord. (external link)
• Ray, Jessica Louise; Haramaty, Liti; Thyrhaug, Runar et al. (2014). Virus infection of Haptolina ericina and Phaeocystis pouchetii implicates evolutionary conservation of programmed cell death induction in marine haptophyte-virus interactions. (external link)
• Thingstad, Tron Frede; Våge, Selina; Storesund, Julia Endresen et al. (2014). A theoretical analysis of how strain-specific viruses can control microbial species diversity. (external link)
• Pagarete, António; Kusonmano, Kanthida; Petersen, Kjell et al. (2014). Dip in the gene pool: Metagenomic survey of natural coccolithovirus communities. (external link)
• Pagarete, Antonio; Chow, Cheryl-Emiliane T.; Johannessen, Torill Vik et al. (2013). Strong seasonality and interannual recurrence in marine myovirus communities. (external link)
• Pagarete, Antonio; Lanzén, Anders; Puntervoll, Pål et al. (2013). Genomic sequence and analysis of EhV-99B1, a new coccolithovirus from the Norwegian fjords. (external link)
• Tøpper, Birte; Thingstad, Tron Frede; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (2013). Effects of differences in organic supply on bacterial diversity subject to viral lysis. (external link)
• Ray, Jessica Louise; Dondrup, Michael; Modha, Sejal et al. (2012). Finding a needle in the virus metagenome haystack - micro-metagenome analysis captures a snapshot of the diversity of a bacteriophage armoire. (external link)
• Heldal, Mikal; Norland, Svein; Erichsen, Egil Severin et al. (2012). Mg2+ as an indicator of nutritional status in marine bacteria. (external link)
• Ray, Jessica Louise; Tøpper, Birte; An, Shu et al. (2012). Effect of increased pCO2 on bacterial assemblage shifts in response to glucose addition in Fram Strait seawater mesocosms. (external link)
• Ogata, Hiroyuki; Ray, Jessica Louise; Toyoda, Kensuke et al. (2011). Two new subfamilies of DNA mismatch repair proteins (MutS) specifically abundant in the marine environment. (external link)
• Van der Meeren, Terje; Brunvold, Laila; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne et al. (2011). Water quality and microbial community structure in juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) cultures. (external link)
• Fahlgren, C; Bratbak, Gunnar; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne et al. (2011). Diversity of airborne bacteria in samples collected using different devices for aerosol collection. (external link)
• Goldsmith, Dawn B.; Crosti, Giuseppe; Dwivedi, Bhakti et al. (2011). Development of phoH as a Novel Signature Gene for Assessing Marine Phage Diversity. (external link)
• Tøpper, Birte; Larsen, Aud; Thingstad, Tron Frede et al. (2010). Bacterial community composition in an Arctic phytoplankton mesocosm bloom: the impact of silicate and glucose. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Gomez-Consarnau, Laura; Pinhassi, Jarone et al. (2009). Viral control of bacterial biodiversity - evidence from a nutrient-enriched marine mesocosm experiment. (external link)
• Monier, Adam; Larsen, Jens Borggaard; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne et al. (2008). Marine mimivirus relatives are probably large algal viruses. (external link)
• Thingstad, T. Frede; Bellerby, Richard; Bratbak, Gunnar et al. (2008). Counterintuitive carbon-to-nutrient coupling in an Arctic pelagic ecosystem. (external link)
• Larsen, Jens Borggaard; Larsen, Aud; Bratbak, Gunnar et al. (2008). Phylogenetic analysis of members of the Phycodnaviridae virus family, using amplified fragments of the major capsid protein gene. (external link)
• Larsen, Jens Borggaard; Larsen, Aud; Thyrhaug, Runar et al. (2008). Response of marine viral populations to a nutrient induced phytoplankton bloom at different pCO2 levels. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Brunvold, Laila; Magnesen, Thorolf et al. (2008). Monitoring the opportunistic bacteria Pseudoalteromonas sp. LT-13 in a great scallop, Pecten maximus hatchery. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Clokie, Martha ; Mann, Nicholas H. (2008). Photosynthetic genes in viral populations with a large genomic size range from Norwegian coastal waters. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (2008). Burden or benefit? Virus-host interactions in the marine environment. (external link)
• Brunvold, Laila; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Mikkelsen, Helene et al. (2007). Characterisation of bacterial communities associated with intensively reared cod (Gadus morhua) larvae using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE). (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Larsen, Aud (2006). Seasonal variations in virus-host populations in Norwegian coastal waters: Focusing on the cyanophage community infecting marine Synechococcus spp. (external link)
• Brussaard, Corina P.D.; Noordeloos, A.A.M.; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne et al. (2004). Discovery of a dsRNA virus infecting the marine photosynthetic protist Micromonas pusilla. (external link)
• Larsen, Aud; Flaten, Gro Anita Fonnes; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne et al. (2004). Spring phytoplankton bloom dynamics in Norwegian coastal waters: Microbial community succession and diversity. (external link)
• Larsen, Aud; Flaten, Gro Anita Fonnes; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne et al. (2004). Spring phytoplankton bloom dynamics in Norwegian coastal waters: Microbial community succession and diversity. (external link)
• Kurabachew, M; Enger, O; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne et al. (2004). A multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for genus-, group- and species-specific detection of mycobacteria. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Magnesen, Thorolf (2003). Characterization of the bacterial community associated with early stages of great scallop (Pecten maximus) using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Magnesen, Thorolf; Torkildsen, Lise et al. (2003). Characterisation of bacterial communities associated with early life stages of cultured Great Scallop, Pecten maximus using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE). (external link)
• Øvreås, Lise; Bourne, David; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne et al. (2003). Response of bacterial and viral communities to nutrient manipulations in seawater mesocosms. (external link)
• Kurabachew, Mekonnen; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Enger, Øivind et al. (2003). Sequence analysis in the 23S rDNA region of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and related species. (external link)
• Kurabachew, Mekonnen; Enger, Øivind; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne et al. (2003). Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis in the differentiation of related species of mycobacteria. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Skjoldal, Evy Foss; Bratbak, Gunnar (2003). Virioplankton community structure along a salinity gradient in a solar saltern. (external link)
• Castberg, Tonje; Thyrhaug, Runar; Larsen, Aud et al. (2002). Isolation and characterization of a virus that infects Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyceae). (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Torsvik, Vigdis; Enger, Øivind (2001). Influence of long-term heavy-metal contamination on microbial communities in soil. (external link)
• Larsen, Aud; Castberg, Tonje; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne et al. (2001). Population dynamics and diversity of phytoplankton, bacteria and viruses in a seawater enclosure. (external link)
• Castberg, Tonje; Larsen, Aud; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne et al. (2001). Microbial population dynamics and diversity during a bloom of the marine coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyta). (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Heldal, Mikal; Castberg, Tonje et al. (2001). Isolation and characterization of two viruses with large genome size infecting Chrysochromulina ericina (Prymneriophyceae) and Pyramimonas orientalis (Prasinophyceae). (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Enger, Øivind; Torsvik, Vigdis Lid (1999). Abundance and diversity of Archaea in heavy-metal contaminated soils. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Torsvik, Vigdis Lid; Enger, Øivind et al. (1999). Analysis of bacterial communities in heavy metal contaminated soils at different levels of resolution. (external link)
• Chatzinotas, Antonis; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Schönhuber, Wilhelm et al. (1998). Analysis of broad-scale differences in microbial community composition of two pristine forest soils. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Enger, Øivind; Torsvik, Vigdis Lid (1998). Rapid method for fluorometric quantification of DNA in soil. (external link)
• Torsvik, Vigdis Lid; Daae, Frida Lise; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne et al. (1998). Novel techniques for analysing microbial diversity in natural and perturbed environments. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Enger, Ø. (1996). High frequency transfer of a broad host range plasmid present in an atypical strain of the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Enger, Ø. (1994). Transfer in Marine sediments of the naturally occuring plasmid pRAS1 encoding multiple antibiotic resistance. (external link)
• Enger, Ø.; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (1994). Immunomagnetic beads as a tool in conjugation experiments. (external link)
• Andersen, S. R.; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (1994). Distribution of tetracycline resistant determinants among Gram.... (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (1994). Spredning av antibiotikaresistens blandt bakterier fra .... (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (1993). Transfer and maintenance of the plasmid RP4 in marine sediments. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Torsvik, Vigdis Lid; Goksøyr, J (1992). Transferable drug resistance in bacteria isolated from fish farm sedime ents. (external link)

Lecture

• Saltvedt, Marius Rydningen; Lawrence, Janice; Wang, Haina et al. (2021). Vital and all over the place – A neglected group of frenemy viruses. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Töpper, Birte; Larsen, Aud et al. (2013). VIRUSES, CONTROLLING FORCE ON HOST DIVERSITY? -Life in the fast-line,. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (2013). Unexpected diversity in algal viruses. (external link)
• Thyrhaug, Runar; Larsen, Aud; Bratbak, Gunnar et al. (2010). Use of flow cytometry in air and marine microbiological research. (external link)

Academic literature review

• Aevarsson, Arnthór; Kaczorowska, Anna-Karina; Adalsteinsson, Björn Thor et al. (2021). Going to extremes - A metagenomic journey into the dark matter of life. (external link)
• Carreira, Cátia; Lonborg, Christian; Kühl, Michael et al. (2020). Fungi and viruses as important players in microbial mats. (external link)
• Våge, Selina; Bratbak, Gunnar; Egge, Jorun Karin et al. (2018). Simple models combining competition, defence and resource availability have broad implications in pelagic microbial food webs. (external link)

Doctoral dissertation

• Storesund, Julia Endresen; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (2016). Bacterial, archaeal and viral community structure in a deep Norwegian fjord. (external link)
• Brunvold, Laila; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (2010). Microbial ecology in the early life stages of intensively reared marine species. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (1994). Conjugal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in marine sediments. (external link)

Short communication

• Gallot-lavallée, Lucie; Pagarete, António; Legendre, Matthieu et al. (2015). The 474-kilobase-pair complete genome sequence of CeV-01B, a virus infecting Haptolina (Chrysochromulina) ericina (Prymnesiophyceae). (external link)

Academic chapter/article/Conference paper

• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Short, Steven M.; Schroeder, Declan C. (2010). Fingerprinting aquatic virus communities. (external link)
• Torsvik, Vigdis; Daae, Frida L.; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne et al. (2000). Molecular biology and genetic diversity of microorganisms. (external link)

Encyclopedia article

• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (2009). Viral pool, environmental. (external link)

Popular scientific lecture

• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (2007). Virus-viktig økologisk faktor i havet. (external link)
• Larsen, Aud; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (2007). Av og til er en nanometer nok. (external link)
• Thorsen, Berit Kristine; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Enger, Øivind (1996). Plasmid diversity in Icelandic hot springs. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (1993). Gene-transfer in marine sediments. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (1993). Antibiotika resistens i oppdrettsanlegg. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (1993). Antibiotika-resistens i oppdrettsanlegg. Hvor kommer den fra - hvordan kan den spres?. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (1993). Gene transfer between bacteria in marine sediments. (external link)

Masters thesis

• Karlbom, Øyvind; Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (2006). DNA characterization and phylogenetic analyses on species of pelagic Crustacea from the Mid-Atlantic ridge. (external link)

Popular scientific article

• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Magnesen, Thorolf (2004). Produksjon av kamskjellyngel. Vekk med antibiotika og opp med overlevelsen. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne (2003). Vennlige Virus. (external link)

Interview

• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Larsen, Aud; Grydeland, Ivar (2004). Maneter, virus og bakterier. (external link)

Report

• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Torsvik, Vigdis Lid; Goksøyr, J. (1994). Miljøeffekter ved utsetting av mikroorganismer. SFT, 93513. (external link)
• Sandaa, Ruth-Anne; Torsvik, Vigdis Lid; Goksøyr, J. (1994). Miljøeffekter ved utsetting av mikroorganismer. Dir. for naturforvaltning, BTEK 69404. (external link)

See a complete overview of publications in Cristin.

 

1.Sandaa, R.-A., V. Torsvik, J. Goksøyr. 1992. Transferable drug resistance in bacteria from fish-farm sediments. Can. J. Microbiol. 38:1061-1065.

2.Sandaa, R.-A. 1993. Transfer and maintenance of the plasmid RP4 in marine sediments. Microb. Releases. 2:115-119.

3.Enger, Ø., R.-A. Sandaa. 1994. Immunomagnetic beads as a tool in conjugation experiments. J. of Microb. Meth. 19:111-115.

4.Sandaa R.-A., and Ø. Enger. 1994. High frequency transfer of a broad host range plasmid indigenous to the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida. Dis. Aquat. Org. 24:71-75.

5.Sandaa, R.-A., and Ø. Enger. 1994. Transfer of a naturally occurring plasmid in  Aeromonas salmonicida 718 in unsterile marine sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60: 4234-4238.

6.Andersen, S.R., R.-A. Sandaa. 1994. Distribution of tetracycline resistance determinants among gram-negative bacteria isolated from polluted and unpolluted marine sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:908-912.

7.Sandaa, R-A., Ø. Enger, and V. Torsvik. 1998. Rapid method for fluorometric quantification of bacterial DNA in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 30:265-268.

8.Torsvik, V., F.L. Daae, R.-A. Sandaa, and L. Øvreås. 1998. Review. Novel Techniques for analysing microbial diversity in natural and pertutibed environments. J  Biotech 64:53-62

9.Chatzinotas A., R.-A. Sandaa, D. Hahn, W. Schönhuber, F.L. Daae, V. Torsvik, J. Zeyer, and R. Amann. 1998. Analysis of Broad-scale Differences in Microbial Community Compositions of Two Pristine Forest Soils. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 21:579-587

10.  Sandaa, R-A., V. Torsvik, Ø. Enger, F.L. Daae, T. Castberg and D. Hahn. 1999. Analysis of bacterial communities in heavy metal contaminated soils at different levels of resolution. FEMS Microb. Ecol. 30:237-251.

11.  Sandaa, R-A., Ø. Enger, and V. Torsvik. 1999. Abundance of Archaea in Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:3293-3297

12.  Torsvik, V., F.L. Daae, R.-A. Sandaa and L. Øvreås. 2000. Molecular Biology and genetic diversity of microorganisms. In: Journey to diverse Microbial world: Adaptation to exotic environments. J. Seckbach (Ed.) Kluwer Academic Publishers. the Netherlands. pp 43-57.

13.  Sandaa, R.-A., V. Torsvik and Ø. Enger. 2001. Influence by long term heavy metal contamination on microbial communities in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 33:287-295.

14.  Larsen, A., T. Castberg, R.-A. Sandaa, C. Brussaard, J. Egge, J., M. Heldal, A. Paulino, R. Thyrhaug, E. van Hannen, and G. Bratbak. 2001. Population dynamics and diversity of phytoplankton, bacteria and virus in a seawater enclosure. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 221: 47-57.

15.  Castberg, T, A. Larsen,  R-A Sandaa, C.P.D  Brussaard,  J. Egge, M. Heldal, R. Thyrhaug,  E. van Hannen, G. Bratbak. 2001. Microbial population dynamics and diversity during blooms of the marine coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyta). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 221:39-46.

16.  Smalla K., E. Krogerrecklenfort, H. Heuer, W. Dejonghe, E. Top, M. Osborn, J. Niewint, C. Tebbe, M. Barr, M. Bailey, A. Greated, C. Thomas, S. Turner, P. Young, D. Nikolakopoulou, A. Karagouni, A. Wolters, J. D. van Elsas, K. Drønen, R. Sandaa, S. Borin, J. Brabhu, E. Grohmann and P. Sobecky. 2000. PCR-based detection of mobile genetic elements in total community DNA. Microbiol. 146:1256-1257

17.  Sandaa, R.-A., M. Heldal, T. Castberg, R. Thyrhaug and G. Bratbak. 2001. Isolation and characterization of two viruses with large genom size infecting Chrysochromulina ericina (Prymnesiophyceae) and Pyramimonas orientalis (Prasinophyceae). Virol. 290:272-280

18.  Castberg, T, R. Thyrhaug,  A. Larsen, R-A.  Sandaa, M. Heldal, G. Bratbak. 2002. Isolation and characterization of virus infecting Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyceae). Phycol. 38:767-774

19.  Øvreås, L., D. Bourne, R-A. Sandaa, E. O. Casamayor, S. Benlloch, V. Goddard, G. Smerdon, M. Heldal, T. F. Thingstad. 2003. Response of bacterial and viral communities to nutrient manipulations in seawater mesocosms. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 31: 109–121

20.  Sandaa R-A., T. Magnesen, L. Torkildsen, Ø. Bergh. 2003. Characterisation of bacterial communities associated with early life stages of cultured Great Scallop, Pecten maximus using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE). Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 26:302-311

21.  Sandaa, R-A., E. Skjoldal, G. Bratbak. 2003. Virioplankton community structure along a salinity gradient in a solar saltern. Extremophiles. 7:347-351,

22.  Kurabachew M.D., Ø. Enger, Sandaa, R-A., B. Bjorvatn. 2003. Sequence analysis in the 23SDNA region of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and related species. J. Microbiol. Methods. 54:373-380

23.  Kurabachew M.D., Sandaa, R-A., Ø. Enger, B. Bjorvatn. 2003. Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis (ARDRA) in the differentiation of related species of Mycobacteria. J. Microbiol. Methods. 55: 83-90.

24.  Larsen, A., G.A .Fonnes, R-A. Sandaa, T. Castberg, R .Thyrhaug, S.E. Erga, S. Jacquet, and G. Bratbak. 2004. Spring phytoplankton bloom in Norwegian coastal waters: Microbial community dynamics, succession and diversity. Limn. Oceanog.  49:180-190

25.  Brussaard, C.P.D, R-A. Sandaa, G. Bratbak. 2004. The discovery of a novel algal virus type infection of the phytoplankter Micromonas pusilla by a double stranded RNA reovirus. Virol. 319:280-291

26.  Kurabachew M.D., Ø. Enger, R-A. Sandaa, R.  Skuce  and B. Bjorvatn. 2004. Multiplex PCR assay for the detection of mycobacteria and species identification of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 49:99-104.

27.  Sandaa R-A., A. Larsen. 2006. Seasonal variations in viral-host populations in Norwegian coastal waters: Focusing on the cyanophage community infecting marine Synechococcus species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:4610-4618.

28.  Brunvold, L, R-A. Sandaa, H. Bleie, D. Herke, A.B. Olsen,  H. Mikkelsen, E. Welde, A. Nerland, and Ø. Bergh. 2007.  Characterisation of bacterial communities associated with intensively reared cod (Gadus morhua) larvae using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE).  Aquaculture, 272: 319-327

29.  Sandaa R-A., M. Clokie, N. Mann. 2008. Photosynthetic genes in viral populations within a huge genomic size range, isolated from Norwegian coastal waters.  FEMS Microb. Ecol. 63:2-11

30.  Sandaa, R-A., L. Brunvold,  T. Magnesen, and Ø. Bergh. 2008.  Monitoring opportunistic bacteria in a hatchery for great scallop, Pecten maximus by means of Denaturing Gradient Gel Elecrophoresis (DGGE). Aquaculture 276:14–21.

31.  Monier A., J. Borggaard Larsen, R-A. Sandaa, G. Bratbak, J-M. Claverie, H. Ogata. 2008. Marine mimivirus relatives are probably large algal viruses. Virol. J. 5:12

32.  Larsen, J.B., A. Larsen, R. Thyrhaug, G. Bratbak, and R-A. Sandaa. 2008. Marine viral populations detected during a nutrient induced phytoplankton bloom at elevated pCO2 levels. Biogeosciences 5: 523–533

33.  Larsen, J.B. A. Larsen, G. Bratbak, and R.-A. Sandaa. 2008. Phylogenetic analysis of members of the Phycodnaviridae virus family using amplified fragments of the major capsid protein gene. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.  74:3048-3057.

34.     Sandaa, R-A. 2008. Review. Burden or Benefit-viral –host interaction in the marine environment. Review in Research in Microbiology, 159, 374-381.

35.     Thingstad TF, R.G.J. Bellerby, G. Bratbak, K.Y. Børsheim, J.K. Egge, M. Heldal, A. Larsen, C. Neill, J. Nejstgaard, S. Norland, R-A. Sandaa, E.F. Skjoldal, T. Tanaka, R. Thyrhaug, B. Töpper. 2008. Counterintuitive food web response to organic carbon enrichment in anarctic pelagic ecosystem.  Nature,  455:387-390

36.  Sandaa, R-A.  2009. Viral pool, environmental. In: Encyclopedia in Microbiology, third edition, Ed: Moselio Schaechter, Section: Environmental Microbiology and Ecology.  pp 553-567. Elsevier Ltd.   

37.  Sandaa, R-A., S. Short, D. Schröder.  2009, Fingerprinting aquatic virus communities. In: Methods in Aquatic Viral Ecology.  American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc.,   Chapter 2, pp 9–18.

38.  Sandaa, R.-A., L. Gomez-Consarnau, J. Pinhassi, L. Riemann, A. Malits, M. Weinbauer, P.A. Gasol,  and T. F. Thingstad. 2009. Viruses control of bacterial biodiversity - Linkages between viral and bacterial community structure in a nutrient enriched mesocosm experiment. Environmental Microbiology, 11:2585-2595.

39.  Birte Töpper, Aud Larsen, Tron Frede Thingstad, Runar Thyrhaug & Ruth-Anne Sandaa. 2010.Dynamics in bacterial community composition during an Arctic phytoplankton mesocosm bloom. Polar Biology, 33:1557–1565.

40.  Fahlgren, C., Bratbak, G., Sandaa, R-A., Thyrhaug, R., Zweifel, U.L. 2010. Diversity of airborne bacteria in samples collected by use of different devices for aerosol collection. Aerobiologia 1:14.

41.  van der Meeren T, Brunvold, L., Sandaa, R-A., Bergh, Ø., Castberg, T.,Thyrhaug, R., Mangor-Jensen, A.  2011. Water quality and microbial community structure in juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) cultures. Aquaculture International, 316:111-120.

42.  Ogata, H., Ray, J., Toyoda, K., Sandaa, R.-A, Nagasaki K, Bratbak, G.,  Claverie, J.M. 2011. Girus-encoded MutS subfamilies abundant in the marine environment. ISME journal, 1-9.

43.  Goldsmith, Crosti, Varsani, McDaniel, Dwivedi, Carlson, Suttle, Weinbauer, Sandaa, Breitbart.2011.  Pho Regulon Genes in Phage: Development of a Novel Signature Gene for Assessing Marine Phage Diversity. Appl. Microb. Ecol,77:7730-7739

44.  Heldal, M, Norland, S, Erichsen, E.S., Sandaa, R.-A.Larsen, A., Thingstad, F. and Bratbak, G. 2011. Mg2+ as an indicator of nutritional status in marine bacteria, ISME Journal, 1–7.

45.  Modha, S. Ray, J., Dondrup, M., Steen, I. H., Sandaa, R.-A. and Clokie, M.. Finding the needle in the  metagenomic viral haystack -  Micro-metagenome analysis captures a snapshot of the evolution of a bacteriophage armoire, submitted to PLoS One

• VirVar: Uncovering key players for regulation of phytoplankton function and structure: lessons to be learned from algal virus-haptophyte coexistence, NFR
• Arven etter Nansen (The Nansen Legacy), NFR
• Virus-X, “Viral metagenomics for innovation value” , EU project Horizon 2020-Biotech
• VIROVAC: Filter-feeding mesozooplankton as uncharted accomplices in marine virus ecology. NFR

Molecular Microbial ecology.