Article in business/trade/industry journal

• Ruths, Sabine; Granås, Anne Gerd; Spigset, Olav et al. (2025). Verktøy for bedre legemiddelbehandling hos eldre. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Bakken, Marit Stordal; Ranhoff, Anette Hylen et al. (2023). Støtte til fallforebygging hos eldre. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Bjorvatn, Bjørn (2022). Forskningen etter tusenårsskiftet (2003-2021). (external link)
• Rørtveit, Guri; Ruths, Sabine (2022). Allmennmedisinsk forskningsenhet (AFE) i Bergen (2006). (external link)
• Granås, Anne Gerd; Spigset, Olav; Ruths, Sabine et al. (2022). Avmedisinering i siste leveår – praktisk beslutningsstøtte. (external link)
• Bakken, Marit Stordal; Ranhoff, Anette Hylen; Granås, Anne Gerd et al. (2022). STOPPFrail-2. Screeningverktøy for potensielt uhensiktsmessig legemiddelbruk til skrøpelige eldre med begrenset gjenstående levetid. (external link)
• Granås, Anne Gerd; Spigset, Olav; Ruths, Sabine et al. (2022). Avmedisinering i siste leveår – praktisk beslutningsstøtte. (external link)
• Granås, Anne Gerd; Bakken, Marit Stordal; Ruths, Sabine et al. (2018). Deprescribing = avmedisinering. (external link)
• Granås, Anne Gerd; Bakken, Marit Stordal; Ruths, Sabine et al. (2018). Deprescribing = avmedisinering. (external link)
• Granås, Anne Gerd; Ruths, Sabine; Ranhoff, Anette Hylen et al. (2017). Norsk oversettelse av forskrivningsverktøyet STOPPFrail. (external link)
• Granås, Anne Gerd; Ruths, Sabine; Ranhoff, Anette Hylen et al. (2017). Norsk oversettelse av forskrivningsverktøyet STOPPFrail. (external link)
• Granås, Anne Gerd; Ruths, Sabine; Ranhoff, Anette Hylen et al. (2015). Norwegian translation of START and STOPP 2. (external link)
• Ranhoff, Anette Hylen; Bakken, Marit Stordal; Granås, Anne Gerd et al. (2015). Bedre legemiddelbehandling av eldre. (external link)
• Bakken, Marit Stordal; Ruths, Sabine; Ranhoff, Anette Hylen et al. (2014). START og STOPP 2, Norwegian translation. (external link)
• Rosvold, Elin Olaug; Ruths, Sabine (2014). Presentasjon av sammendragene fra forskningsdagen på Primærmedisinsk uke, 23.10.2014. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Bakken, Marit Stordal (2014). Adekvat legemiddelbehandling i sykehjem. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine (2013). Adekvat legemiddelbehandling i sykehjem. (external link)
• Rosvold, Elin Olaug; Ruths, Sabine (2012). Presentasjon av sammendragene fra forskningsdagen på Primærmedisinsk uke, 25.10.2012. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Bakken, Marit Stordal (2011). Adekvat legemiddelbehandling i sykehjem. (external link)
• Rosvold, Elin Olaug; Ruths, Sabine (2010). Presentasjon av sammendragene fra forskningsdagen på Primærmedisinsk uke, 28. oktober 2010. (external link)
• Rosvold, Elin Olaug; Ruths, Sabine (2010). Presentasjon av sammendragene fra forskningsdagen på Primærmedisinsk uke, 25.10.2010. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine (2010). Legemiddelhåndtering i sykehjem. (external link)
• Ranhoff, Anette Hylen; Bakken, Marit Stordal; Granås, Anne Gerd et al. (2010). Uheldig legemiddelbruk hos eldre. (external link)

Academic article

• Meling, Heidi Marie; Baste, Valborg; Ruths, Sabine et al. (2025). Depression care trajectories and sustainable return to work among long-term sick-listed workers: a register-based study (The Norwegian GP-DEP Study). (external link)
• Riiser, Sharline; Smith-Sivertsen, Tone; Baste, Valborg et al. (2025). Depression care trajectories and associations with subsequent depressive episode: a registry-based cohort study (The Norwegian GP-DEP study). (external link)
• Haukenes, Inger; Ruths, Sabine; Smith-Sivertsen, Tone et al. (2025). Unemployment and associations with diagnosed health problems in the Norwegian GP-DEP study: a repeated cross-sectional register study (2010–2016). (external link)
• Islam, Kamrul; Lamu, Admassu Nadew; Ruths, Sabine et al. (2025). Functional limitations and mental well-being among frail older adults: the mediating effect of social relationships. (external link)
• Grung, Ina Lill Skurtveit; Hjørleifsson, Stefan; Anderssen, Norman et al. (2024). Norwegian general practitioners’ perceptions of their depression care – a national survey. (external link)
• Hetlevik, Øystein; Ruths, Sabine; Grung, Ina et al. (2024). General practitioners’ attitudes and practices regarding sick leave certification for patients with depression in Norway – a cross-sectional study. (external link)
• Islam, Muhammad Kamrul; Fadnes, Lars Thore; Johansson, Kjell Arne et al. (2024). Medically assisted integrated rehabilitation program for people with opioid dependence: a quasi-experimental evaluation using multi-criteria decision analysis. (external link)
• Hansen, Anneli Borge; Hetlevik, Øystein; Baste, Valborg et al. (2024). Variation in general practitioners' follow-up of depressed patients starting antidepressant medication: a register-based cohort study. (external link)
• Meling, Heidi Marie Kirkeng; Anderssen, Norman; Ruths, Sabine et al. (2023). Stakeholder views on work participation for workers with depression and intersectoral collaboration in depression care: a focus group study with a salutogenic perspective. (external link)
• Hetlevik, Øystein; Smith-Sivertsen, Tone; Haukenes, Inger et al. (2023). Young adults with depression: A registry-based longitudinal study of work-life marginalisation. The Norwegian GP-DEP study. (external link)
• Meling, Heidi Marie Kirkeng; Ruths, Sabine; Baste, Valborg et al. (2023). Level of education and sustainable return to work among long-term sick-listed workers with depression: a register-based cohort study (The Norwegian GP-DEP Study). (external link)
• Riiser, Sharline; Baste, Valborg; Haukenes, Inger et al. (2022). Practice characteristics influencing variation in provision of depression care in general practice in Norway; a registry-based cohort study (The Norwegian GP-DEP study). (external link)
• Grung, Ina Lill Skurtveit; Anderssen, Norman; Haukenes, Inger et al. (2022). Patient experiences with depression care in general practice: a qualitative questionnaire study. (external link)
• Hansen, Anneli Borge; Baste, Valborg; Hetlevik, Øystein et al. (2022). Comparison of depression care provided in general practice in Norway and the Netherlands: registry-based cohort study (The Norwegian GP-DEP study). (external link)
• Sandvik, Hogne; Ruths, Sabine; Hunskaar, Steinar et al. (2022). Construction and validation of a morbidity index based on the International Classification of Primary Care. (external link)
• Øyane, Nicolas Melchior Frederic; Finckenhagen, Morten; Ruths, Sabine et al. (2021). Improving drug prescription in general practice using a novel quality improvement model. (external link)
• Emberland, Knut Erik; Wensaas, Knut-Arne; Litleskare, Sverre et al. (2021). Antibiotics for gastroenteritis in general practice and out-of-hours services in Norway 2006-15. (external link)
• Islam, Kamrul; Ruths, Sabine; Jansen, Kristian et al. (2021). Evaluating an integrated care pathway for frail elderly patients in Norway using multi-criteria decision analysis. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Haukenes, Inger; Hetlevik, Øystein et al. (2021). Trends in treatment for patients with depression in general practice in Norway, 2009–2015: nationwide registry-based cohort study (The Norwegian GP-DEP Study). (external link)
• Bjorvatn, Bjørn; Wensaas, Knut-Arne; Emberland, Knut Erik et al. (2021). Restless legs syndrome - a study from general practice. (external link)
• Hansen, Anneli Borge; Baste, Valborg; Hetlevik, Øystein et al. (2021). General practitioners’ drug treatment for depression by patients’ educational level: registry-based study. (external link)
• Haugom, Lars; Ruths, Sabine; Emberland, Knut Erik et al. (2021). Consultations and antibiotic treatment for urinary tract infections in Norwegian primary care 2006–2015, a registry-based study. (external link)
• Looman, Willemijn; Struckmann, Verena; Koppen, Julia et al. (2021). Drivers of successful implementation of integrated care for multi-morbidity: Mechanisms identified in 17 case studies from 8 European countries. (external link)
• Hernes, Synnøve Karin; Baste, Valborg; Krokmyrdal, Kurt Arild et al. (2020). Associations between characteristics of the patients at municipal acute bed unit admission and further transfer to hospital: a prospective observational study. (external link)
• Czypionka, Thomas; Kraus, Markus; Reiss, Miriam et al. (2020). The patient at the centre: evidence from 17 European integrated care programmes for persons with complex needs. (external link)
• Aas, Christer Frode; Vold, Jørn Henrik; Skurtveit, Svetlana et al. (2020). Health-related quality of life of long-term patients receiving opioid agonist therapy: a nested prospective cohort study in Norway. (external link)
• Riiser, Sharline; Haukenes, Inger; Baste, Valborg et al. (2020). Variation in general practitioners’ depression care following certification of sickness absence: a registry-based cohort study. (external link)
• Hetlevik, Øystein; Garre-Fivelsdal, Gina Dorothea; Bjorvatn, Bjørn et al. (2019). Patient-reported depression treatment and future treatment preferences: an observational study in general practice. (external link)
• Schmidt, Anne Kjær; Lilleeng, Bård Flattun; Baste, Valborg et al. (2018). First four years of operation of a municipal acute bed unit in rural Norway. (external link)
• Diaz, Esperanza; Omland, Gry; Hannestad, Yngvild Skåtun et al. (2018). Use of hormonal contraceptives among immigrant women and their daughters in Norway: Data from the Norwegian Prescription Database. (external link)
• Nilsen, Heidi; Hunskaar, Steinar; Ruths, Sabine (2017). Patient trajectories in a Norwegian unit of municipal emergency beds. (external link)
• Granås, Anne Gerd; Bakken, Marit Stordal; Ruths, Sabine et al. (2017). Deprescribing for frail older people – Learning from the case of Mrs. Hansen. (external link)
• Fosse, Anette; Ruths, Sabine; Malterud, Kirsti et al. (2017). Doctors’ learning experiences in end-of-life care – a focus group study from nursing homes. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Baste, Valborg; Bakken, Marit Stordal et al. (2017). Municipal resources and patient outcomes through the first year after a hip fracture. (external link)
• Fosse, Anette; Zuidema, Sytse; Boersma, Froukje et al. (2017). Nursing home physicians’ assessments of barriers and strategies for end-of-life care in Norway and the Netherlands. (external link)
• Selbæk, Geir; Janus, Sarah I.M.; Bergh, Sverre et al. (2017). Change in psychotropic drug use in Norwegian nursing homes between 2004 and 2011. (external link)
• Halvorsen, Kjell H.; Selbæk, Geir; Ruths, Sabine (2017). Trends in potentially inappropriate medication prescribing to nursing home patients: comparison of three cross-sectional studies. (external link)
• Jansen, Kristian; Ruths, Sabine; Malterud, Kirsti et al. (2016). The impact of existential vulnerability for nursing home doctors in end-of-life care: A focus group study. (external link)
• Bakken, Marit Stordal; Schjøtt, Jan; Engeland, Anders et al. (2016). Antipsychotic drugs and risk of hip fracture among people older than 60 years in Norway. (external link)
• Granås, Anne Gerd; Ruths, Sabine; Ranhoff, Anette Hylen et al. (2015). Norsk oversettelse av START 2 og STOPP 2. (external link)
• Iden, Kristina Riis; Ruths, Sabine; Hjørleifsson, Stefan (2015). Residents’ perceptions of their own sadness - a qualitative study in Norwegian nursing homes. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Bakken, Marit Stordal; Ranhoff, Anette Hylen et al. (2015). Risk of hip fracture among older people using antihypertensive drugs: a nationwide cohort study. (external link)
• Ranhoff, Anette Hylen; Bakken, Marit Stordal; Granås, Anne Gerd et al. (2015). Bedre legemiddelbehandling av eldre. (external link)
• Blågestad, Tone Fidje; Nordhus, Inger Hilde; Grønli, Janne et al. (2015). Prescription trajectories and effect of total hip arthroplasty on the use of analgesics, hypnotics, antidepressants, and anxiolytics: Results from a population of total hip arthroplasty patients. (external link)
• Bakken, Marit Stordal; Engeland, Anders; Engesæter, Lars B. et al. (2014). Risk of hip fracture among older people using anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs: a nationwide prospective cohort study. (external link)
• Omland, Gry; Ruths, Sabine; Diaz, Esperanza (2014). Use of hormonal contraceptives among immigrant and native women in Norway: data from the Norwegian Prescription Database. (external link)
• Jansen, Kristian; Schaufel, Margrethe Aase; Ruths, Sabine (2014). Drug treatment at the end of life: An epidemiologic study in nursing homes. (external link)
• Fosse, Anette; Schaufel, Margrethe Aase; Ruths, Sabine et al. (2014). End-of-life expectations and experiences among nursing home patients and their relatives — a synthesis of qualitative studies. (external link)
• Iden, Kristina Riis; Engedal, Knut Arne; Hjørleifsson, Stefan et al. (2014). Prevalence of depression among recently admitted long-term care patients in Norwegian nursing homes: Associations with diagnostic workup and use of antidepressants. (external link)
• Bakken, Marit Stordal; Engeland, Anders; Engesæter, Lars B. et al. (2013). Increased risk of hip fracture among older people using antidepressant drugs: data from the Norwegian Prescription Database and the Norwegian Hip Fracture Registry. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Sørensen, Pernille Hegre; Kirkevold, Øyvind et al. (2012). Trends in psychotropic drug prescribing in Norwegian nursing homes from 1997 to 2009: a comparison of six cohorts. (external link)
• Bakken, Marit Stordal; Ranhoff, Anette Hylen; Engeland, Anders et al. (2012). Inappropriate prescribing for older people admitted to an intermediate-care nursing home unit and hospital wards. (external link)
• Lillemoen, Paul Kjetil Soldal; Kjosavik, Svein Reidar; Hunskaar, Steinar et al. (2012). Føreskriving av legemiddel mot AD/HD 2004 – 08. (external link)
• Halvorsen, Kjell Hermann; Granås, Anne Gerd; Engeland, Anders et al. (2012). Prescribing quality for older people in Norwegian nursing homes and home nursing services using multidose dispensed drugs. (external link)
• Kjosavik, Svein Reidar; Ruths, Sabine; Hunskaar, Steinar (2012). Use of addictive anxiolytics and hypnotics in a national cohort of incident users in Norway. (external link)
• Davidsson, Malin; Vibe, Olaug Elisabeth; Ruths, Sabine et al. (2011). A multidisciplinary approach to improve drug therapy in nursing homes. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine (2011). Legemiddelbehandling i sykehjem – holder kvaliteten mål?. (external link)
• Iden, Kristina Riis; Hjørleifsson, Stefan; Ruths, Sabine (2011). Treatment decisions on antidepressants in nursing homes: A qualitative study. (external link)
• Kjosavik, Svein Reidar; Hunskaar, Steinar; Årsland, Dag et al. (2011). Initial prescription of antipsychotics and antidepressants in general practice and specialist care in Norway. (external link)
• Halvorsen, Kjell Hermann; Ruths, Sabine; Granås, Anne Gerd et al. (2010). Multidisciplinary intervention to identify and resolve drug-related problems in Norwegian nursing homes. (external link)
• Kersten, Hege; Ruths, Sabine; Wyller, Torgeir Bruun (2009). Farmakoterapi i sykehjem. (external link)
• Kjosavik, Svein Reidar; Ruths, Sabine; Hunskaar, Steinar (2009). Psychotropic drug use in the Norwegian general population in 2005: data from the Norwegian Prescription Database. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine (2008). Evaluation of prescribing quality in nursing homes based on drug-specific indicators the Bergen district nursing home (BEDNURS) study. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; Nygaard, Harald et al. (2008). Stopping antipsychotic drug therapy in demented nursing home patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled study - The Bergen District Nursing Home Study (BEDNURS). (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Viktil, Kirsten K.; Blix, Hege Salvesen (2007). Klassifisering av legemiddelrelaterte problemer. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund (2005). Antipsykotiske midler mot uro ved demens medisinsk behandling eller kjemisk atferdsregulering?. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine (2005). Nytteverdien av skjermede enheter for demente. (external link)
• Saltvedt, Ingvild; Spigset, Olav; Ruths, Sabine et al. (2005). Patterns of drug prescription in a geriatric evaluation and management unit as compared with the general medical wards: a randomised study. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; Nygaard, Harald et al. (2004). Effect of antipsychotic withdrawal on behavior and sleep/wake activity in nursing home residents with dementia: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study the Bergen District Nursing Home study. (external link)
• Nygaard, Harald A.; Naik, M; Ruths, S et al. (2004). Not less but different. Psychotropic drug utilisation trends in Norwegian nursing homes during a twelve-year period. The Bergen District Nursing Home (BEDNURS) Study. (external link)
• Nygaard, Harald; Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund et al. (2004). Not less but different: psychotropic drug utilization trends in Norwegian nursing homes during a 12-year period. The Bergen District Nursing Home (BEDNURS) Study. (external link)
• Nygaard, Harald; Naik, Mala; Ruths, Sabine et al. (2004). Clinically important renal impairment in various groups of old persons. (external link)
• Nygaard, Harald; Naik, Mala; Ruths, Sabine et al. (2003). Nursing home residents and their drug use: a comparison between mentally intact and impaired residents. The Bergen District Nursing Home (BEDNURS) Study. (external link)
• Nygaard, Harald; Ruths, Sabine (2003). Missing the diagnosis: senile dementia in patients aditted to nursing homes. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; Nygaard, Harald (2003). Multidisciplinary medication review in nursing home residents: what are the most significant drug-related problems? The Bergen District Nursing Home (BEDNURS) study. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; Nygaard, Harald Armand (2003). Multidiciplinary medication review among nursing home residents - what are the most significant drug-related problems? The Bergen District Nursing Home (BEDNURS)Study. (external link)
• Nygaard, Harald Armand; Naik, M; Ruths, Sabine et al. (2003). Nursing home residents and their drug use: a comparison between mentally intact and mentally impaired residents. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; Nygaard, Harald Armand (2001). Psychotropic drug use in nursing homes - diagnostic indications and variations between institutions. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; Nygaard, Harald (2001). Psychotropic drug use in nursing homes - diagnostic indications and variations between institutions. (external link)
• Nygaard, Harald A; Naik, Mala; Ruths, Sabine (2000). Mental svikt hos sykehjemspasienter. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; Nygaard, Harald et al. (2000). Drug treatment of heart failure - Do nursing-home residents deserve better?. (external link)
• Nygaard, Harald; Naik, Mala; Ruths, Sabine (2000). Mental svikt hos sykehjemspasienter. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; Nygaard, Harald Armand et al. (2000). Drug treatment of heart failure - Do nursing home residents deserve better?. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Driedijk, Peter C; RS, Weening et al. (1991). ELISA procedures for the measurement of IgG subclass antibodies to bacterial antigens. (external link)

Academic lecture

• Hetlevik, Øystein; Ruths, Sabine; Grung, Ina Lill Skurtveit et al. (2024). GPs' attitudes and practices regarding sick leave certification for depressed patients. (external link)
• Hetlevik, Øystein; Pahlavanyali, Sahar; Bondevik, Gunnar Tschudi et al. (2024). Continuity of care in general practice – the patient perspective. (external link)
• Haukenes, Inger; Ruths, Sabine; Smith-Sivertsen, Tone et al. (2024). Unemployment, sickness absences and health – a registry-based study. (external link)
• Hetlevik, Øystein; Ruths, Sabine; Grung, Ina Lill Skurtveit et al. (2024). GPs’ attitudes and practices regarding sick leave certification for depressed patients. (external link)
• Hetlevik, Øystein; Pahlavanyali, Sahar; Bondevik, Gunnar Tschudi et al. (2024). Patients' experience with continuity of care in Norwegian general practice. (external link)
• Grung, Ina Lill Skurtveit; Hjørleifsson, Stefan; Anderssen, Norman et al. (2023). Norwegian GPs’ perceptions of their depression care – a questionnaire study. (external link)
• Hansen, Anneli Borge; Hetlevik, Øystein; Baste, Valborg et al. (2023). Socioeconomic status and follow-up of patients with antidepressant drug therapy for depression in general practice. (external link)
• Hansen, Anneli Borge; Baste, Valborg; Hetlevik, Øystein et al. (2022). GP depression care in Norway and the Netherlands: registry-based study. (external link)
• Grung, Ina Lill Skurtveit; Anderssen, Norman; Hetlevik, Øystein et al. (2022). Patient experiences with depression care in general practice.. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Askildsen, Jan Erik; Jansen, Kristian et al. (2022). Gode pasientforløp. (external link)
• Grung, Ina Lill Skurtveit; Anderssen, Norman; Hetlevik, Øystein et al. (2022). Patient experiences with depression care in general practice. (external link)
• Riiser, Sharline; Baste, Valborg; Haukenes, Inger et al. (2022). The organisational framework of GP practices: impact on depression care. (external link)
• Hansen, Anneli Borge; Baste, Valborg; Hetlevik, Øystein et al. (2022). GP depression care in Norway and the Netherlands: registry-based study. (external link)
• Meling, Heidi Marie Kirkeng; Haukenes, Inger; Ruths, Sabine et al. (2021). Promoting sustainable work participation for workers with depression through improved collaboration in depression care: a focus group study. (external link)
• Haugom, Lars Emil Aga; Ruths, Sabine; Emberland, Knut Erik et al. (2021). Consultations and antibiotic treatment for urinary tract infections in Norwegian primary care 2006 - 2015, a registry-based study. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Baste, Valborg; Hetlevik, Øystein et al. (2019). Time trends in GPs’ provision of depression care during 2008-2016. (external link)
• Haugom, Lars Emil Aga; Ruths, Sabine; Emberland, Knut Erik et al. (2019). Consultations and antibiotic treatment for UTIs in primary care, 2006-2015. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Bjorvatn, Bjørn; Hjørleifsson, Stefan et al. (2017). Self-reported depression in patients visiting their general practitioner. (external link)
• Fosse, Anette; Malterud, Kirsti; Schaufel, Margrethe Aase et al. (2017). Barriers and strategies for end-of-life care in nursing homes in Norway and the Netherlands. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; A, Nygaard Harald et al. (2017). Drug treatment of heart failure – do nursing home residents deserve better?. (external link)
• Halvorsen, Kjell H.; Selbæk, Geir; Ruths, Sabine (2016). Trends in prescribing of potentially inappropriate medications to nursing home residents: a comparison of three three cohorts. (external link)
• Halvorsen, KH; Selbæk, Geir; Ruths, Sabine (2016). Trends in prescribing of potentially inappropriate medications to nursing home residents: a comparison of three cohorts.. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Halvorsen, KH; Selbæk, Geir (2016). Trends in prescribing of potentially inappropriate medications to nursing home patients: comparison of three cohorts.. (external link)
• Rosvold, Elin Olaug; Ruths, Sabine; Janssen, S et al. (2016). Turning general practitioners into researchers. Experiences from the Norwegian research school in general practice.. (external link)
• Jansen, Kristian; Schaufel, Margrethe Aase; Ruths, Sabine (2016). Palliative drug treatment in life last days – prevalence and evidence base.. (external link)
• Jansen, Kristian; Ruths, Sabine; Malterud, Kirsti et al. (2016). Doctors working with dying nursing home patients meet their own existential vulnerability.. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine (2016). Allmennmedisinsk forskningsenhet Bergen i 2016. (external link)
• Fosse, Anette; Ruths, Sabine; Malterud, Kirsti et al. (2016). How do young doctors' clinical experiences from nursing homes provide access to situated learning about dying? A focus group study. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Baste, Valborg; Lie, Stein Atle et al. (2015). Patient pathways in older people with hip fracture. (external link)
• Iden, Kristina Riis; Ruths, Sabine; Hjørleifsson, Stefan (2014). Sadness as perceived by nursing home patients. (external link)
• Fosse, Anette; Schaufel, Margrethe Aase; Ruths, Sabine et al. (2014). Døden i sykehjem – pasienters og pårørendes tanker og forventninger. (external link)
• Fosse, Anette; Schaufel, Margrethe Aase; Ruths, Sabine et al. (2014). . End-of-life expectations and experiences among patients in long-term care institutions and their relatives. A synthesis of qualitative studies. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Bakken, Marit Stordal; Ranhoff, Anette Hylen et al. (2014). Risk of hip fracture among older people using antihypertensive drugs. (external link)
• Jansen, Kristian; Schaufel, Margrethe Aase; Ruths, Sabine (2014). Drug prescribing for nursing home patients in their last days of life. (external link)
• Fosse, Anette; Schaufel, Margrethe Aase; Ruths, Sabine et al. (2014). Patients’ and relatives’ expectations and experiences regarding end-of-life in nursing homes – A meta-ethnography. (external link)
• Nilsen, Heidi; Hunskår, Steinar; Ruths, Sabine (2014). Kommunale øyeblikkelig hjelp døgnplasser - en økonomisk ulv i kvalitetsbehandlede fåreklær. (external link)
• Bakken, Marit Stordal; Engeland, Anders; Engesæter, Lars B. et al. (2014). Risk of hip fracture among older people using anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs: a 6-year follow-up study based on nationwide registries. (external link)
• Bakken, Marit Stordal; Engeland, Anders; Engesæter, Lars B. et al. (2014). Associations between hip fractures & psychotropic drugs - a Nationwide prospective cohort study. (external link)
• Fosse, Anette; Schaufel, Margrethe Aase; Ruths, Sabine et al. (2013). Patients' and relatives' thoughts about death. (external link)
• Iden, Kristina Riis; Engedal, Knut Arne; Hjørleifsson, Stefan et al. (2013). Depression in newly admitted patients. (external link)
• Bakken, Marit Stordal; Engeland, Anders; Engesæter, Lars B. et al. (2013). Hip fracture and use of antidepressant drugs. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine (2013). Nursing home medicine – patients’ and doctors’ perspectives. (external link)
• Jansen, Kristian; Schaufel, Margrethe Aase; Ruths, Sabine (2013). Drug prescribing as part of end-of-life care. (external link)
• Omland, Gry; Perez, Esperanza Diaz; Ruths, Sabine (2013). Use of contraceptives among immigrant and native women in Norway: Data from the Norwegian Prescription database. (external link)
• Bakken, Marit Stordal; Engeland, Anders; Engesæter, Lars B. et al. (2012). Increased hip fracture risk in older persons exposed to antidepressant drugs. (external link)
• Bakken, Marit Stordal; Engeland, Anders; Engesæter, Lars B. et al. (2012). Increased hip fracture risk in older persons exposed to antidepressant drugs. (external link)
• Iden, Kristina Riis; Hjørleifsson, Stefan; Engedal, Knut Arne et al. (2012). Depresjon hos nyinnlagte sykehjemspasienter. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine (2011). Trends and challenges in drug prescribing for nursing home patients. (external link)
• Halvorsen, Kjell H.; Granås, Anne Gerd; Engeland, Anders et al. (2011). Prescribing quality for older people in nursing homes and home care services using multi-dose dispensed drugs. (external link)
• Kjosavik, Svein Reidar; Ruths, Sabine; Hunskår, Steinar (2011). Antipsychotic and antidepressant prescribing in general practice and psychiatric health care in Norway. (external link)
• Iden, Kristina Riis; Hjørleifsson, Stefan; Ruths, Sabine (2011). Treatment decisions with regard to antidepressants. (external link)
• Bakken, Marit Stordal; Ruths, Sabine (2010). Drug prescribing patterns in an intermediate care unit and hospital wards: a randomised study. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Sørensen, Pernille; Selbæk, Geir et al. (2010). Trends in psychotropic drug prescribing in Norwegian nursing homes: a 10-year perspective. (external link)
• Iden, Kristina Riis; Hjørleifsson, Stefan; Ruths, Sabine (2010). Many pills, less of time – a qualitative study about treatment decisions regarding depression in nursing homes. (external link)
• Halvorsen, Kjell H.; Ruths, Sabine; Granås, Anne Gerd et al. (2010). Drug-related problems in nursing homes: the impact of multidisciplinary teams. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Halvorsen, Kjell H.; Granås, Anne Gerd et al. (2009). Drug-related problems in Norwegian nursing homes. (external link)
• Kjosavik, Svein Reidar; Ruths, Sabine; Hunskår, Steinar (2008). Bruk av psykofarmaka i Norge. (external link)
• Kersten, Hege; Ruths, Sabine; Wyller, Torgeir Bruun (2008). Medication reviews in Norwegian nursing homes. (external link)
• Kersten, Hege; Wyller, Torgeir Bruun; Ruths, Sabine (2008). Medication reviews in Norwegian nursing home residents showed different quality of the drug treatments. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; Nygaard, Harald A. (2007). Discontinuation of antipsychotic drugs in nursing home patients with dementia – a randomised, placebo-controlled study. The BEDNURS study. (external link)
• Kjosavik, Svein Reidar; Ruths, Sabine; Hunskår, Steinar (2007). Forskrivning av psykofarmaka i Norge i 2005. (external link)
• Blix, Hege Salvesen; Viktil, Kirsten Kilvik; Ruths, Sabine (2006). Norsk konsensus for klassifisering av legemiddelrelaterte problemer. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; A, Nygaard Harald (2005). Drug utilisation review in nursing homes based on prescribing indicators: The Bergen District Nursing Home (BEDNURS) study. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine (2005). Strategier ved polyfarmasi i sykehjem. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; Nygaard, Harald Armand (2005). Drug utilisation review in nursing homes based on prescribing indicators. Oral presentation (S. Ruths). (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; Nygaard, Harald Armand (2004). Withdrawal of antipsychotic drug treatment in demented nursing home residents. A randomised, controlled trial. (Oral presentation by S.Ruths; Book of abstracts no 520, pp 211-2.). (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; Nygaard, Harald Armand (2004). A randomised, controlled trial of antipsychotic drug withdrawal in dementia. [Poster presentert av S Ruths; abstract publisert i: Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug safety 2004; 13 (suppl 1): S148-S149]. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; Nygaard, Harald Armand et al. (2004). Impact of antipsychotic withdrawal on behavour and sleep/wake activity in demented nursing home residents. A randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study. (Oral presentation by S Ruths; , Book of abstracts no 521, pp 212). (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; Nygaard, Harald A. (2004). A randomised, controlled trial of antipsychotic withdrawal in dementia. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine (2004). Drug utilisation quality in nursing homes. The Bergen district nursing home (BEDNURS) study. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine (2004). Er det en fordel å seponere antipsykotika?. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; Nygaard, Harald A. (2004). Antipsychotic drug withdrawal: effect on behaviour in nursing home patients with dementia. A randomised, placebo-controlled trial. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; A, Nygaard Harald (2004). Impact of antipsychotic withdrawal on behaviour and sleep/wake activity in demented nursing home residents. A randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; A, Nygaard Harald (2004). Withdrawal of antipsychotic drug treatment in demented nursing home residents, a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; Nygaard, Harald Armand et al. (2003). Seponering av antipsykotiske legemidler hos demente sykehjemspasienter - en kontrollert dobbelt blind studie. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; Nygaard, Harald Armand et al. (2003). Antipsychotic drug withdrawal from demented nursing home residents - a randomised double-blind controlled trial. The Bergen District Nursing Home (BEDNURS)Study. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; Nygaard, Harald Armand (2003). Multidiciplinary medication review among nursing home residents - what are the most significant drug-related problems? The Beren District Nursing Home (BEDNURS) Study. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; A, Nygaard Harald (2003). Antipsychotic withdrawal from demented nursing home residents – a randomised double-blinded controlled trial. The Bergen District Nursing Home (BEDNURS) study. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; A, Nygaard Harald (2003). Seponering av antipsykotiske legemidler hos demente sykehjemspasienter – en kontrollert dobbel blind studie. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; A, Nygaard Harald (2003). Medication management in Norwegian nursing homes – a multidisciplinary review. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; A, Nygaard Harald (2003). Multidisciplinary medication review among nursing home residents – what are the most significant problems? The Bergen District Nursing Home (BEDNURS) study. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; Nygaard, Harald Armand (2002). Multidiciplinary medication review among nursing home residents; what are the most significant drug-related problems?. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; Nygaard, Harald Armand (2002). legemiddelbruk hos sykehjemspasienter - en tverrfaglig kvalitetsvurdering. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; A, Nygaard Harald (2002). Legemiddelbruk hos sykehjemspasienter – en tverrfaglig kvalitetsvurdering. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; A, Nygaard Harald (2002). Multidisciplinary medication review among nursing home residents – what are the most significant problems? The Bergen District Nursing Home (BEDNURS) study. (external link)
• A, Nygaard Harald; Ruths, Sabine (2001). Recognition of dementia is still poor in clinical practice. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; Nygaard, Harald Armand et al. (2000). Drug treatment of heart failure. Do nursing home residents deserve better?. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; Nygaard, Harald Armand (2000). The use of psychotropic drugs in nursing homes. How appropriate?. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; A, Nygaard Harald (2000). The use of psychotropic drugs in nursing homes – how appropriate?. (external link)
• A, Nygaard Harald; Naik, Mala; Ruths, Sabine et al. (1999). Psychotropic drug use in homes for the aged and in nursing homes in Bergen, Norway: a comparative study. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; A, Nygaard Harald (1999). Legemiddelbehandling av hjertesvikt – fortjener sykehjemspasienter bedre?. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; A, Nygaard Harald (1998). Hjertesviktbehandling hos sykehjemspasienter. (external link)

Lecture

• Haukenes, Inger; Ruths, Sabine; Hetlevik, Øystein et al. (2024). Unemployment, sickness absences and health – a registry-based study. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine (2016). Learning networks for whole, coordinated and safe pathways in the municipalities.. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine (2016). Medically assisted rehabilitation Bergen.. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine (2016). Sustainable integrated care models for multi-morbidity: delivery, financing and performance.. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine (2016). AFE Bergen i et fugleperspektiv. 10 år med allmennmedisinske forskningsenheter. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine (2016). Integrerte helsetjenester for pasienter med multimorbiditet. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Rørtveit, Guri (2016). Allmennmedisinsk forskningsenhet i Bergen 2006-2016 - Hva slags kunnskap trenger allmennleger?. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine (2016). Forskningsprofil i samsvar med utfordringer i kommunehelsetjenesten. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine (2016). Promising integrated chronic care models for multimorbidity in Norway.. (external link)
• Rosvold, Elin Olaug; Straand, Jørund; Ruths, Sabine et al. (2016). Research training in general practice. Experience from the Norwegian Research School in General Practice. (external link)
• Rosvold, Elin Olaug; Ruths, Sabine; Janssen, Siri Evju et al. (2016). Turning general practitioners into researchers. Experiences from The Norwegian Research School in General Practice (NAFALM). (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Viktil, Kirsten Kilvik; Blix, Hege Salvesen (2006). Klassifikasjon av legemiddelrelaterte problemer. (external link)

Chapter

• Skjellegrind, Håvard Kjesbu; Ruths, Sabine (2023). Fall og falltendens hos eldre. (external link)
• Ervik, Rune; , ; Askildsen, Jan Erik et al. (2016). Focus group Norway: WP4 Development of analytical framework to perform comprehensive evaluation using Multi-Criteria Decision analysis. (external link)
• Ervik, Rune; , ; Askildsen, Jan Erik et al. (2016). Comprehensive description of the most promising ICC models for multi-morbidity in Norway. (external link)
• Akselsen, Per Espen; Ruths, Sabine (2013). Antibiotikabehandling i sykehjem. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund (2013). Eldre og legemidler. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund (2010). Eldre og legemidler. (external link)
• Akselsen, Per Espen; Ruths, Sabine (2008). Antibiotikabehandling i sykehjem. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund (2007). Eldre og legemidler. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine (2003). Fall og falltendens hos gamle. (external link)

Poster

• Hansen, Anneli Borge; Hetlevik, Øystein; Baste, Valborg et al. (2021). Comparison of GP depression care in Norway and the Netherlands: registry-based study. (external link)
• Riiser, Sharline; Haukenes, Inger; Baste, Valborg et al. (2021). The impact of organisational framework on GP depression care; registry-based study. (external link)
• Halvorsen, Kjell H.; Ruths, Sabine; Granås, Anne Gerd et al. (2020). The impact of pharmacists on drug-related problems in nursing homes. (external link)
• Riiser, Sharline; Haukenes, Inger; Baste, Valborg et al. (2019). The impact of GPs’ depression care on future work participation: A register-based cohort study. (external link)
• Riiser, Sharline; Haukenes, Inger; Baste, Valborg et al. (2019). The impact of GPs’ depression care on future work participation: A register-based cohort study. (external link)
• Hetlevik, Øystein; Garre-Fivelsdal, Gina; Bjorvatn, Bjørn et al. (2019). Patient-reported treatment preferences in case of future depression. (external link)
• Haugom, Lars Emil Aga; Ruths, Sabine; Emberland, Knut Erik et al. (2018). Urinary tract infections in Norway, 2006-2015. (external link)
• Wensaas, Knut-Arne; Litleskare, Sverre; Rørtveit, Guri et al. (2018). Irritable bowel syndrome, chronic fatigue and pain in a Norwegian primary care population. (external link)
• Jansen, Kristian; Haugen, Dagny Faksvåg; Pont, Lisa et al. (2017). Evidence base for palliative drug treatment in the last days of life - a systematic review. (external link)
• Jansen, Kristian; Ruths, Sabine; Pont, Lisa et al. (2017). Efficacy and safety of palliative drug treatment in dying patients - A systematic review. (external link)
• Fosse, Anette; Zuidema, Sytse; Boersma, KF et al. (2016). Nursing home doctors’ assessments of barriers and strategies for end-of-life care in Norway and the Netherlands.. (external link)
• Bakken, Marit Stordal; Engeland, Anders; Engesæter, Lars B. et al. (2016). Psychotropic Drug Exposure and Hip Fractures. (external link)
• Jansen, Kristian; Haugen, Dagny Faksvåg; Pont, Lisa et al. (2016). Evidence base for palliative drug treatment in the last days of life – a systematic review. (external link)
• Iden, Kristina Riis; Ruths, Sabine; Hjørleifsson, Stefan (2016). Sadness as perceived by nursing home patients. (external link)
• Jansen, Kristian; Ruths, Sabine; Schaufel, Margrethe Aase (2015). Doctors working with dying nursing home patients meet their own existential vulnerability. (external link)
• Fosse, Anette; Ruths, Sabine; Malterud, Kirsti et al. (2015). How do young doctors' clinical experiences from nursing homes provide access to situated learning about death and dying? A focus group study. (external link)
• Fosse, Anette; Ruths, Sabine; Malterud, Kirsti et al. (2015). It wasn’t as hard as I thought –a focus group study about newly qualified doctors’ learning experiences with end-of-life care. (external link)
• Simonsen, Kristian Anton; Ruths, Sabine; Folgerø, Terese et al. (2015). GP staffed community hospital beds in Bergen: an observational study. (external link)
• Iden, Kristina Riis; Ruths, Sabine; Hjørleifsson, Stefan (2015). Sadness as perceived by nursing home patients. (external link)
• Daae, Cecilie; Ruths, Sabine; Nygaard, Harald A. (2009). NTproBNP in nursing home patients with and without heart failure. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine (2008). Evaluation of drug prescribing in nursing homes based on explicit indicators. The BEDNURS study. (external link)
• Kjosavik, Svein Reidar; Ruths, Sabine; Hunskår, Steinar (2008). Psychotropic drug prescribing patterns in the Norwegian general population. (external link)
• Buajordet, Ingebjørg; Reikvam, Åsmund; Bakken, Kjersti et al. (2005). Norsk forening for farmakoepidemiologi(DURG). (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Roughead, Elisabeth E; Gilbert, Andrew W (2001). Medication management in residential age care facilities – Australia and Norway. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; Nygaard, Harald Armand (2000). Psychotropic drug-use in nursing homes. Are the diagnostic indications good enough?. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; A, Nygaard Harald (2000). Psychotropic drug use in nursing homes – are the diagnostic indications good enough?. (external link)

Doctoral dissertation

• Fosse, Anette; Schaufel, Margrethe Aase; Malterud, Kirsti et al. (2018). Livets slutt i sykehjem. Pasientens ønsker og legens rolle. (external link)
• Jansen, Kristian; Ruths, Sabine; Schaufel, Margrethe Aase (2017). End of life care in nursing homes: Palliative drug prescribing and doctors' existential vulnerability. (external link)
• Iden, Kristina Riis; Ruths, Sabine (2015). Depresjon i sykehjem. Underdiagnostikk og overbehandling. (external link)
• Bakken, Marit Stordal; Ruths, Sabine (2015). Potentially inappropriate drug use and hip fractures among older people. Pharmacoepidemiological studies. (external link)
• Halvorsen, Kjell Hermann; Granås, Anne Gerd; Ruths, Sabine et al. (2012). Drug prescribing quality for older patients. Explicit indicators and multidisiplinary medication reviews. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; Nygaard, Harald (2004). Drug utilisation quality in nursing homes. The Bergen district nursing home study. (external link)

Abstract

• Jansen, Kristian; Haugen, Dagny Faksvåg; Pont, Lisa et al. (2017). Evidence base for palliative drug treatment in the last days of life - a systematic review. (external link)
• Rosvold, Elin Olaug; Ruths, Sabine (2012). Presentasjon av sammendragene fra Forskningsdagen på Primærmedisinsk uke, 25. oktober 2012. (external link)
• Kersten, H; Ruths, Sabine; Wyller, TB (2009). Medical reviews in Norwegian nursing homes. (external link)
• Halvorsen, Kjell Hermann; Ruths, Sabine; Granås, Anne Gerd et al. (2008). The impact of pharmacists on drug-related problems in nursing home. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine (2008). Evaluation of drug prescribing in nursing homes based on explicit indicators. The bergen district nursing home (BEDNURS) study. (external link)
• Kjosavik, Svein Reidar; Ruths, Sabine; Hunskaar, Steinar et al. (2008). Psychotropic drug prescribing patterns in the Norwegian general population. (external link)
• Stichele, Robert H Vander; Avorn, Jerry; Ruths, Sabine et al. (2007). The quality of pharmaceutical care among institutionalised elderly. (external link)

Interview

• Ruths, Sabine (2017). Intervju om langtidsbehandling med psykosemedisin hos sykehjemspasienter.. (external link)

Academic literature review

• Jansen, Kristian; Haugen, Dagny Faksvåg; Pont, Lisa et al. (2017). Safety and effectiveness of palliative drug treatment in the last days of life - A systematic literature review. (external link)
• Pont, Lisa; Jansen, Kristian; Schaufel, Margrethe Aase et al. (2016). Drug utilization and medication costs at the end of life. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine (2011). Legemiddelbehandling i sykehjem - holder kvaliteten mål?. (external link)

Report

• Ervik, Rune; Lindén, Tord Skogedal; Askildsen, Jan Erik et al. (2016). SELFIE2020. Work Package 2 report Norway. Thick descriptions of Medically Assisted Rehabilitation Bergen an Learning networks for whole, coordinated and safe pathways. (external link)
• Ervik, Rune; Lindén, Tord Skogedal; Askildsen, Jan Erik et al. (2016). Focus group Norway: WP4 Development of analytical framework to perform comprehensive evaluation using Multi-Criteria Decision analysis. (external link)
• Ervik, Rune; Lindén, Tord Skogedal; Askildsen, Jan Erik et al. (2016). Comprehensive description of the most promising ICC models for multi-morbidity. (- Medically Assisted Rehabilitation (MAR) Bergen - Learning networks for whole, coordinated and safe pathways (Learning networks)). (external link)

Reader opinion piece

• Meland, Eivind; Ruths, Sabine (2015). Re: Legemiddelgjennomgang – viktig tiltak for bedre behandling. (external link)
• Meland, Eivind; Ruths, Sabine (2015). Legemiddelgjennomgang – viktig tiltak for bedre behandling. (external link)
• Jansen, Kristian; Fosse, Anette; Iden, Kristina Riis et al. (2015). Vil beholde LCP for døende. (external link)
• Ranhoff, Anette Hylen; Bakken, Marit Stordal; Granås, Anne Gerd et al. (2010). Uheldig legemiddelbruk hos eldre. (external link)

Popular scientific article

• Ruths, Sabine (2010). Praktisk legemiddelhåndtering i sykehjem. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine (2001). Mat og medisin går ikke alltid godt i lag. (external link)

Academic chapter/article/Conference paper

• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund (2007). Eldre og legemidler. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Hunskår, Steinar; Straand, Jørund (2007). Fall och falltendens hos äldre. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund (2007). Eldre og legemidler. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine (2003). Fall og falltendens hos gamle. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Hunskår, Steinar; Straand, Jørund (2003). Fall og falltendens hos gamle. (external link)
• Ruths, Sabine; Straand, Jørund; Nygaard, Harald Armand (2003). Multidiciplinary medication review among nursing home residents - what are the most significant drug-related problems? The Bergen District Nursing Home (BEDNURS) Study. (external link)

See a complete overview of publications in Cristin.