Christian Haug Eide
Position
Sedimentologist
Affiliation
Research groups
Research
My research is broad and is based in clastic sedimentology, which is the study of how pieces of rock break down, are transported and deposited. This is important, as these deposits tell the history of the Earth, and because these pieces of rock may act as reservoirs, resources, substrates for installations or geohazards. I focus on how uplands and sedimentary basins are connected in space and time, how sedimentary architecture impacts the flow of fluids and intrusions in sedimentary basins, and how sedimentary processes may act as hazards to society.
Particular interests:
- Understanding how heterogeneity in sedimentary deposits can be predicted in limited, subsurface datasets.
- Unraveling how sedimentary landscapes and their deposits evolve and are linked in space and time.
- Creating and investigating geohazard records.
- Understanding how volcanic intrusions are influenced by sedimentary host rock.
- Improving geological surveys for offshore wind sites
For a list of my publications, go here: https://scholar.google.no/citations?hl=en&user=j3LGYEAAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate
Outreach
I believe academics owe the community around us to show what we do and why we do it. I do this by taking high school students to the field around Bergen several times a year, by presenting about geology and my research to interested members of the public, and by writing about geology in newspapers and popular science magazines about topics such as recent floods in Western Norway, igneous intrusions and climate changes on the planet Mars.
I am also an enthusiastic poster on Instagram profile of the University of Bergen, @unibergen, where I mainly show pictures from field work and field courses.
Teaching
I teach the course GEOV360 - Advanced clastic sedimentology which is a classroom and lab-based course dealing with the physics of sediment transport, sedimentary processes in different sedimentary environments, and description and interpretation of sedimentary rocks in core and outcrop. This course is taught intensively, and looks at fundamental models and cutting-edge developments in clastic sedimentary research.
I also teach the biannual Integrated sedimentology and tectonics field course in the Spanish Pyrenees, which is a fantastic area to investigate proximal-to-distal relationships in sedimentary systems, and the influence of tectonics on sedimentation. Click here for a few pictures: https://www.uib.no/en/geo/98774/knowledge-and-experiences-pyrenees
Finally, I teach the annual Reservoir Geological Field Course in the Book Cliffs of Utah, one of the best places in the world to study reservoir- to basin-scale sedimentology and reservoir geology. You can find a short article about this course here.
Publications
Academic article
- Ingrid Aarnes; Agustin Arguello Scotti; Ragnar Hauge et al. (2026). Representing shoreface reservoirs with a rule-based facies model: The GEOPARD algorithm. (external link)
- Rafael Kenji Horota; Christian Haug Eide; Kim Senger et al. (2026). Digital field representations as a holistic approach to experiential learning in High Arctic geoscience field education. (external link)
- Albina Gilmullina; Alina Mordasova; Sten-Andreas Grundvåg et al. (2026). Cretaceous provenance, sediment supply and source-to-sink evolution in the Greater Barents Sea Basin. (external link)
- Julien Vadnais; Christian Haug Eide; Nicolas Pinet et al. (2026). Origin and fate of an episodic oil seep, Gulf of St. Lawrence (Canada). (external link)
- Lucie Alain; Christian Haug Eide; Henrik Nygaard Hansen et al. (2026). Sedimentological controls on the distribution and geometry of chlorite-coated intervals in deeply buried tide-influenced sandstones, Tilje Formation, Norwegian Continental Shelf. (external link)
- Julien Vadnais; Benjamin Aubrey Robson; Christian Haug Eide et al. (2025). Transfer learning between Sentinel-1 acquisition modes enhances the few-shot segmentation of natural oil slicks in the Arctic. (external link)
- Agustin Arguello Scotti; Christian Haug Eide; Ingrid Aarnes et al. (2024). Modelling intra-parasequence reservoir heterogeneity with a process-mimicking algorithm: a case study from the Kenilworth Member, Blackhawk Formation. (external link)
- Lucas Albanese Valore; Tor Oftedal Sømme; Stefano Patruno et al. (2024). Palaeogeography and 3D variability of a dynamically uplifted shelf: Observations from seismic stratigraphy of the Palaeocene East Shetland Platform. (external link)
- Martin Kjenes; Christian Haug Eide; Agustin Arguello Scotti et al. (2024). Lithological influence on sill geometry in sedimentary basins: Controls and recognition in reflection seismic data. (external link)
- Hannah Elizabeth Petrie; Christian Haug Eide; Haflidi Haflidason et al. (2024). An integrated geological characterization of the Mid-Pleistocene to Holocene geology of the Sørlige Nordsjø II offshore wind site, southern North Sea. (external link)
- Lucas Albanese Valore; Tor Oftedal Sømme; Christian Haug Eide (2024). High-resolution sediment mass-budget of the Shetland Platform during the Paleocene–Early Eocene; constraints on external forcing by uplift and climate. (external link)
- Albina Gilmullina; Tore Grane Klausen; Anthony George Doré et al. (2022). Arctic sediment routing during the Triassic: sinking the Arctic Atlantis. (external link)
- Ben Kilhams; Lauren Chedburn; Lucinda Layfield et al. (2022). Challenges and opportunities for hydrocarbon exploration within the Mesozoic sub-basalt plays of the Norwegian Atlantic Margin. (external link)
- Martin Kjenes; Christian Haug Eide; Nick Schofield et al. (2022). Alkaline sill intrusions in sedimentary basins: emplacement of the Mussentuchit Wash Sill in San Rafael Swell, Utah. (external link)
- Hannah Elizabeth Petrie; Christian Haug Eide; Haflidi Haflidason et al. (2022). A conceptual geological model for offshore wind sites in former ice stream settings: The Utsira Nord site, North Sea. (external link)
- Alma Dzozlic Bradaric; Trond Andersen; Isabelle Christine Lecomte et al. (2021). Recognition and characterization of small-scale sand injectites in seismic data: implications for reservoir development. (external link)
- Ben Kilhams; Lauren Chedburn; Nick Schofield et al. (2021). The spatial distribution of igneous centres along the Norwegian Atlantic Margin (Møre and Vøring) and their relationship to magmatic plumbing systems. (external link)
- Helge Hellevang; Lina Hedvig Line; Christian Haug Eide et al. (2021). Insights into past tectonism from authigenic quartz. (external link)
- Christian Haug Eide; Nick Schofield; John Anthony Howell et al. (2021). Transport of mafic magma through the crust and sedimentary basins: Jameson Land, East Greenland. (external link)
- Albina Gilmullina; Tore Grane Klausen; Anthony George Doré et al. (2021). Linking sediment supply variations and tectonic evolution in deep time, source-to-sink systems—The Triassic Greater Barents Sea Basin. (external link)
- Kim Senger; Peter Betlem; Thomas Birchall et al. (2020). Using digital outcrops to make the high Arctic more accessible through the Svalbox database. (external link)
- Albina Gilmullina; Tore Grane Klausen; Niall William Paterson et al. (2020). Regional correlation and seismic stratigraphy of Triassic Strata in the Greater Barents Sea: implications for sediment transport in Arctic basins. (external link)
- Thilo Wrona; Haakon Fossen; Isabelle Lecomte et al. (2020). Seismic expression of shear zones: Insights from 2-D point-spread-function-based convolution modelling. (external link)
- Beyene Girma Haile; Lina Hedvig Line; Tore Grane Klausen et al. (2020). Quartz overgrowth textures and fluid inclusion thermometry evidence for basin-scale sedimentary recycling: An example from the Mesozoic Barents Sea Basin. (external link)
- Niall Mark; Simon Holford; Nick Schofield et al. (2019). Structural and lithological controls on the geometry and morphology of igneous intrusions: a 3D seismic case study from the Exmouth sub-basin, NW Shelf. (external link)
- Valentina Marzia Rossi; Niall William Paterson; William Helland-Hansen et al. (2019). Mud-rich delta-scale compound clinoforms in the Triassic shelf of northern Pangea (Havert Formation, south-western Barents Sea). (external link)
- Reidar Müller; Tore Grane Klausen; Jan Inge Faleide et al. (2019). Linking regional unconformities in the Barents Sea to compression-induced forebulge uplift at the Triassic-Jurassic transition. (external link)
Conference abstract
- Jo Brendryen; Waquas Hussain; Hannah Elizabeth Petrie et al. (2024). Integrated Geological Investigations for Offshore Wind Infrastructure. (external link)
- Hannah Elizabeth Petrie; Christian Haug Eide; Haflidi Haflidason et al. (2022). Geological Conditions for Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations at the Sørlige Nordsjø II site, Norwegian North Sea. (external link)
- Hannah Elizabeth Petrie; Christian Haug Eide; Haflidi Haflidason et al. (2021). A conceptual geological model for Utsira Nord offshore wind site in the Norwegian North Sea. Presentation and Conference paper.. (external link)
Conference lecture
- Catherine Padde Amusugut; Christian Haug Eide; Zachary Paul Alcorn (2026). Field-scale Geological controls on reservoir performance during intermittent injection. (external link)
- Lucie Alain; Christian Haug Eide (2025). Tidal signature in the Early Jurassic Atlantic seaway. (external link)
- Agustin Arguello Scotti; Christian Haug Eide; Ingrid Aarnes et al. (2025). Facies modelling of shoreface subsurface reservoirs with the GEOPARD workflow and comparison to industry standard methods. (external link)
- Thomas Hagen Thuesen; Haflidi Haflidason; William Shedd Helland-Hansen et al. (2025). Quantifying the sediment fill of Fjærlandsfjorden, a tributary fjord of Sognefjorden.. (external link)
- Albina Gilmullina; Alina V. Mordasova; Sten-Andreas Grundvåg et al. (2025). Provenance and sediment supply during the Cretaceous in the Great-er Barents Sea Basin. (external link)
- Julien Vadnais; Christian Haug Eide; Benjamin Aubrey Robson (2025). Advanced geomatics and machine learning to map and study spatio-temporal patterns of natural hydrocarbon seepage in the North Sea. (external link)
- Christian Haug Eide; Rune Mattingsdal; Jo Brendryen et al. (2025). Hydrocarbon Migration and Natural Seepage in the S Norwegian North Sea: implications for long-distance migration and integrity of CO2 repositories. (external link)
- Julien Vadnais; Benjamin Aubrey Robson; Christian Haug Eide (2025). On the Challenge of Oil Slick Lookalikes in SAR mapping: Transfer Learning With Limited Labels. (external link)
- Lucie Manon Alain; Christian Haug Eide (2024). Sedimentology of a heterolithic tidally-influenced deltaic succession and implications for chlorite coating –Tilje Formation, Halten and Dønna Terraces, Offshore Mid-Norway.. (external link)
- Christian Haug Eide (2024). Geoscience and NCS Subsurface role in the Energy Transition. (external link)
- Melanie Kling; Hallgeir Sirevaag; Emmanuelle Pucéat et al. (2023). Weathering response of a clastic source-to-sink system to extreme environmental perturbations: the Permian-Triassic transition on Finnmark Platform, Barents Sea. (external link)
- Christian Haug Eide (2023). THE GULE HORN FM, EAST GREENLAND - AN OUTCROP ANALOGUE TO THE TILJE FORMATION: Depositional environments, sandbody dimensions & implications for chlorite coats. (external link)
- Ingrid Aarnes; Agustin Arguello Scotti; Jacob Skauvold et al. (2023). Modelling shoreface geometries with a new facies-algorithm informed by geological rules and analogue data. (external link)
- Agustin Arguello Scotti; Ingrid Aarnes; Jacob Skauvold et al. (2023). Next generation reservoir modelling algortithms - Shallow marine environments. (external link)
- Agustin Arguello Scotti; Ingrid Aarnes; Christian Haug Eide et al. (2023). Modeling Shoreface Geometries of the Kenilworth Member, Blackhawk Formation, with the Geopard Algorithm. (external link)
- Melanie Kling; Hallgeir Sirevaag; Christian Haug Eide (2022). Response of a clastic source-to-sink system to extreme environmental perturbations: the Permian-Triassic transition on Finnmark. (external link)
- Melanie Kling; Hallgeir Sirevaag; Christian Haug Eide (2022). Evolution of a clastic source-to-sink system across the Permian-Triassic transition: Petrography, sediment volumes and provenance of the Røye and Havert formations, Barents Sea, Norway. (external link)
- Agustin Arguello Scotti; Ingrid Aarnes; Christian Haug Eide et al. (2022). Testing a rule-based approach for reservoir modelling of shoreface successions: the GEOPARD algorithm. (external link)
- Hallgeir Sirevaag; Christian Haug Eide; Albina Gilmullina et al. (2022). Provenance of the Middle Triassic Kobbe Formation in the SW Barents Sea. (external link)
- Agustin Arguello Scotti; Christian Haug Eide; Ingrid Aarnes et al. (2022). Defining the basic rules that describe long-term shoreface dynamics: A process-mimicking approach for reservoir modelling. (external link)
- Beyene Girma Haile; Lina Hedvig Line; Tore Grane Klausen et al. (2021). Identifying and constraining sedimentary recycling from microscopic fluid inclusions in quartz overgrowth. (external link)
- Albina Gilmullina; Tore Grane Klausen; Anthony George Doré et al. (2021). Triassic sediment supply in the Greater Barents Sea Basin and its implications for the Arctic. (external link)
- Christian Haug Eide; Albina Gilmullina; Hallgeir Sirevaag et al. (2021). Sediment transport and upland linkages in an enormous intracratonic Basin - Insights from cross-disciplinary source-to-sink studies in the Triassic Greater Barents Sea Basin. (external link)
- Christian Haug Eide; Albina Gilmullina; Leif-Erik Rydland Pedersen (2021). Provenance of the Middle Triassic Kobbe Formation in the SW Barents Sea – constraining the Fennoscandian sand and locating the mixing zone. (external link)
- Alma Dzozlic Bradaric; Trond Andersen; Isabelle Lecomte et al. (2021). What do small-scale sand injectites look like in 2D seismic data?. (external link)
- Hallgeir Sirevaag; Christian Haug Eide; Albina Gilmullina et al. (2020). Detrital zircon inventory of the Triassic Greater Barents Sea Basin: sediment transport and geodynamics. (external link)
- Albina Gilmullina; Christian Haug Eide; Tore Grane Klausen (2020). Sedimentation rates in the Greater Barents Sea throughout the Triassic. (external link)
- Christian Haug Eide; Valentina Marzia Rossi; Albina Gilmullina et al. (2020). Towards a revised stratigraphic framework for the Triassic in the Norwegian Barents Sea. (external link)
- Albina Gilmullina; Tore Grane Klausen; Christian Haug Eide et al. (2019). Regional correlation of Triassic clinoforms in the Greater Barents Sea Basin. (external link)
- Haakon Fossen; Isabelle Lecomte; Thilo Wrona et al. (2019). Seismic signature of shear zones: insights from 2-D convolution forward modelling. (external link)
- Christian Haug Eide; Adrian M. Hall (2019). Linking erosion history in Northern Fennoscandia to stratigraphy in the Barents Sea over the last 600 Ma. (external link)
- Albina Gilmullina; Tore Grane Klausen; Christian Haug Eide (2019). Regional correlation of Triassic clinoforms in the Greater Barents Sea Basin. (external link)
Conference poster
- Catherine Padde Amusugut; Christian Haug Eide; Zachary Paul Alcorn (2026). Investigating the Impact of Geological Heterogeneity on Intermittent Fluid Flow. (external link)
- Kirabo Mugwanya; Christian Haug Eide; Rob Gawthorpe (2025). TRIASSIC SEDIMENTARY GEOMETRIES AND RESERVOIR HETEROGENEITY. (external link)
- Catherine Padde Amusugut; Christian Haug Eide; Zachary Paul Alcorn (2025). Investigating the Influence of Geological Heterogeneity on Intermittent Fluid Flow. (external link)
- Kirabo Mugwanya; Christian Haug Eide; Rob Gawthorpe (2025). Sedimentary signals of climate change: geological controls on the depositional architecture and heterogeneity of transgressed fluvial systems in the northern North Sea. (external link)
- Catherine Padde Amusugut; Christian Haug Eide; Zachary Paul Alcorn (2025). Investigating the Influence of Heterogeneity on Intermittent Fluid Flow. (external link)
- Kirabo Mugwanya; Christian Haug Eide; Gawthorpe Robert Leslie (2024). The Triassic sedimentology of the Horda platform & Utsira High: reservoir characterisation for CO2 Storage, intermittent H2 storage and intermittent hydrocarbon production.. (external link)
- Kirabo Mugwanya; Christian Haug Eide; Gawthorpe Robert Leslie (2024). Reservoir Characterisation for CO2 Storage, Intermittent H2 storage and Intermittent hydrocarbon production.. (external link)
- Xiaoyue Wang; Christian Haug Eide; Joep E.A. Storms et al. (2024). Hydrodynamic- and reservoir modelling of chlorite-coated sandstones in the Norwegian Continental Shelf. (external link)
- Lucie Manon Alain; Christian Haug Eide; Agustin Arguello Scotti (2024). Facies model of a heterolithic tide-influenced to tide-dominated succession – the Early Jurassic Tilje Formation in the Smørbukk Field, Halten Terrace, Mid-Norway.. (external link)
- Kirabo Mugwanya; Christian Haug Eide; Robert Leslie Gawthorpe (2024). Triassic Sedimentary Geometries and Reservoir Heterogeneity Horda Platform, Northern North Sea.. (external link)
- Madeleine Skov Nygaard; Sverre Planke; Christian Berndt et al. (2024). PALMAR – Paleogene Basin Development on the Vøring and Møre Margins. (external link)
- Agustin Arguello Scotti; Christian Haug Eide; Ingrid Aarnes et al. (2023). From Concept to Reservoir Modelling: The Record of Tide-dominated, Progradational Shoreline Systems. (external link)
- Christian Haug Eide; Robert Leslie Gawthorpe (2023). Reservoir Characterization for CO2 Storage, Intermittent H2 storage and Intermittent hydrocarbon production. (external link)
- Lucas Valore; Christian Haug Eide; Tor Oftedal Sømme (2021). Tectonic influence of Large Igneous Provinces on source-to-sink systems, the case study of Shetland during the Palaeocene - Preliminary results. (external link)
- Melanie Kling; Hallgeir Sirevaag; Emmanuelle Pucéat et al. (2021). Impact of climatic step-changes on source-to-sink systems: Petrographic changes across the Permian-Triassic changes on the Finnmark Platform, Barents Sea, N Norway. (external link)
- Albina Gilmullina; Tore Grane Klausen; William Helland-Hansen et al. (2019). Distribution and characteristics of the Triassic sequences in the Barents Sea mega-basin. (external link)
- Amalie Krog Klette; Haflidi Haflidason; Atle Nesje et al. (2019). Mapping of late Holocene avalanche processes in Fjærlandsfjorden based on marine data.. (external link)
Doctoral thesis (PhD)
- Christian Haug Eide; Nick Schofield; Atle Rotevatn et al. (2023). Lithological controls on architecture and development of igneous intrusions in sedimentary basins.. (external link)
- Christian Haug Eide; Haflidi Haflidason; Timothy Watton et al. (2023). An integrated geological characterization of marine ground conditions in the North Sea. (external link)
- Albina Gilmullina; Christian Haug Eide; Tore Grane Klausen et al. (2021). Stratigraphy, sediment volumes and source-to-sink of the Triassic Greater Barents Sea Basin and surrounding Arctic Region. (external link)
Lecture
- Christian Haug Eide (2026). Hydrocarbon Seepage in the Norwegian North Sea. (external link)
- Lucie Manon Alain; Christian Haug Eide; Monika Shukla (2025). Sedimentological controls on permeability variations; the Early Jurassic tide-influenced Tilje Formation; Smørbukk Field, Halten Terrace, Norway. (external link)
- Kirabo Mugwanya; Christian Haug Eide; Rob Gawthorpe (2024). Integrating a sparse data set in a multi-scale reservoir characterisation.. (external link)
- Christian Haug Eide (2024). STUDENTENES OPPLEVELSE AV FREMTIDENS KOMPETANSEBEHOVOG HVORDAN DETTE ER TILRETTELAGT PÅ HØYSKOLER OG UNIVERSITETER I DAG. (external link)
- Madeleine Skov Nygaard; Sverre Planke; Christian Berndt et al. (2024). IODP Exp. 396 Drilling and High-Resolution 3D Seismic on the Mimir High. (external link)
- Albina Gilmullina; Tore Grane Klausen; Anthony George Doré et al. (2023). TRIASSIC SEDIMENT ROUTING SYSTEM AS A TOOL FOR PLATE TECTONICS RECONSTRUCTIONS. (external link)
- Melanie Kling; Hallgeir Sirevaag; Christian Haug Eide (2022). Evolution of a clastic source-to-sink system through the Permian-Triassic transition: Provenance and petrography of the Havert Formation on Finnmark Platform, Barents Sea, Norway. (external link)
- Albina Gilmullina; Tore Grane Klausen; Anthony George Doré et al. (2021). Triassic sediment supply reconstructions in the Greater Barents Sea Basin. (external link)
- Albina Gilmullina; Tore Grane Klausen; William Helland-Hansen et al. (2019). Распространение и характеристика триасовых отложений Баренцевоморского бассейна (Норвежский и Российский сектор). (external link)
- Haakon Fossen; Thilo Wrona; Isabelle Lecomte et al. (2019). Seismic Signature of Shear Zones: Insights from 2-D PSF-based Convolution Modelling. (external link)
Master’s thesis
- Bøgh Mannerfelt Anna; Christian Haug Eide; Maria Jensen (2021). 3D modelling and interpretation of depositional elements in the Aspelintoppen Formation, Spitsbergen, Svalbard, a facies analysis. (external link)
- Anders Nordstrand Østigård; Christian Haug Eide; Haflidi Haflidason (2021). Fjordsedimenter som arkiv for skredhendelser i Vestlandske fjordstrøk - Aurlandsfjorden. (external link)
- Alma Dzozlic Bradaric; Isabelle Lecomte; Christian Haug Eide et al. (2020). Seismic signature and detectability of small-scale sand injectites: insights from 2D Point-Spread Function based convolution modelling. (external link)
- Anine Eikrem Helland; Christian Haug Eide (2019). Integration of drone data and field investigations to investigate avalanche potential in steep cliffs, with examples from Western Norway. (external link)
- Amalie Krog Klette; Haflidi Haflidason; Christian Haug Eide (2019). Holosene skred- og flomprosesser i Fjærlandsfjorden basert på marine data. (external link)
- Sondre Hagevold; Isabelle Lecomte; Christian Haug Eide et al. (2019). From outcrop to synthetic seismic: 2D and 3D modelling of igneous intrusions at Botneheia, central Spitsbergen. (external link)
Non-fiction book chapter
See a complete overview of publications in NVA.
My publications are listed above by category.
Preprints and postprints of papers which are not open access are available from EarthArXiv here: https://eartharxiv.org/discover?q=ch%20eide
Projects
Marine geological ground surveys for offshore wind sites - To ensure cost-effective development of offshore wind sites and efficient selection of anchor solutions, it is important to have detailed knowledge on the marine ground conditions. In this project, we will improve survey methods and interpretation frameworks for offshore wind on formerly glaciated coasts and conduct scientific cruises to the announced Norwegian offshore wind sites. Project co-leader and main PhD supervisor. Funded by Equinor through the Akademia agreement.
Geostatistical Event-based Objectmodel Predicted from Analogue Reservoir Deposits (GEOPARD) - The goal of this project is to develop the next generation of reservoir modelling algorithms through advanced geostatistics and geological rules which are integrated in the modelling approach. With Norwegian Computing Centre and NTNU. Work package leader and postdoc supervisor. Funded by the Norwegian Research Council.
Source-to-Sink study of the Barents Sea (ISBAR) - Understanding the sediment routing systems, mass balance and landscape of the Triassic and early Jurassic of the Barents Sea. Project leader. Funded by the Norwegian Research Council, researcher project.
Fluid modelling, uplift and erosion of the greater Barents Sea (FueBAR) - Understanding uplift, erosion and fluid generation of the Barents Sea through thermochronology, seisimc interpretation and basin modelling. Collaborative project between the University of Bergen and Moscow State University, funded by the Norwegian Research Council and the Russian Fund for Basic Research.
S2S-Future: Signal Propagation in source to sink for the Future of Earth Resources and Energies (S2S-Future) - Work-package leader for WP1: Understanding perennial S2S dynamics in response to long-term tectonic and climatic signals in deep time. Funded by the European Research Council, Innovative training network project.
Revision of the Triassic Stratigraphy in the Barents Sea - Project leader. Funded by the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate.
Intrusions in sedimentary basins - Understanding the controls on architecture of mafic sill complexes in sedimentary basins, how they are imaged in seismic data, and how they influence subsurface geothermal energy and hydrocarbon systems.
Western Norwegian Floods - Using the sedimentary record to understanding Holocene variability of floods in Western Norway, and how these rivers are coupled to their cachments.