Research
My main research interests concern political party instability in European democracies. I am a PI of the research project "INSTAPARTY: Party Instability in Parliaments" funded by the Norwegian Research Council (2021-2025). The project website provides more information.
My other research interests include party responsiveness, party coalitions and interest group politics in the European Union.
Publications
Conference lecture
- Raimondas Ibenskas; Sona Nadenichek Golder; Allan Sikk et al. (2025). Legislative Party Switching and Party Electoral Support. (external link)
- Raimondas Ibenskas; Sona Nadenichek Golder; Paulina Maria Salek-Lipcean et al. (2023). Independence versus Affiliation: What Determines Entry into Parliamentary Party Groups?. (external link)
- Allan Sikk; Sona Nadenichek Golder; Raimondas Ibenskas et al. (2022). Understanding the Complexity of Party Instability in Parliaments. (external link)
- Paulina Maria Salek-Lipcean; Raimondas Ibenskas; Sona Nadenichek Golder et al. (2023). Independence vs. Affiliation: What Determines Entry into, and Creation of, Parliamentary Party Groups?. (external link)
- Allan Sikk; Raimondas Ibenskas; Sona Nadenichek Golder (2022). Party Instability in Parliaments (INSTAPARTY) Inaugural workshop. (external link)
- Raimondas Ibenskas; Sona Nadenichek Golder; Allan Sikk et al. (2025). Popular party preferences and legislative party switching. (external link)
- Sona Nadenichek Golder; Raimondas Ibenskas; Paulina Maria Salek-Lipcean et al. (2024). Popular party preferences and legislative party switching. (external link)
- Paulina Maria Salek-Lipcean; Sona Nadenichek Golder; Raimondas Ibenskas et al. (2024). Gender and Parliamentary Party Switching. (external link)
- Sona Nadenichek Golder; Raimondas Ibenskas; Paulina Maria Salek-Lipcean et al. (2023). Independence vs. Affiliation: What Determines Entry into, and Creation of, Parliamentary Party Groups?. (external link)
- Raimondas Ibenskas (2022). Understanding the Complexity of Party Instability in Parliaments. (external link)
- Raimondas Ibenskas; Sona Nadenichek Golder; Allan Sikk et al. (2025). Electoral fate of party switchers. (external link)
- Raimondas Ibenskas; Paulina Maria Salek-Lipcean; Sona Nadenichek Golder et al. (2023). Independence vs. Affiliation: What Determines Entry into, and Creation of, Parliamentary Party Groups?. (external link)
- Allan Sikk; Sona Nadenichek Golder; Raimondas Ibenskas et al. (2022). Understanding the Complexity of Party Instability in Parliaments. (external link)
- Paulina Maria Salek-Lipcean; Raimondas Ibenskas; Sona Nadenichek Golder et al. (2024). Popular party preferences and legislative party switching. (external link)
- Paulina Maria Salek-Lipcean; Sona Nadenichek Golder; Raimondas Ibenskas et al. (2024). Gender and Parliamentary Party Switching. (external link)
- Raimondas Ibenskas; Sona Nadenichek Golder; Allan Sikk et al. (2025). Gender and Parliamentary Party Switching. (external link)
- Allan Sikk; Paulina Maria Salek-Lipcean; Sona Nadenichek Golder et al. (2024). Parliamentary party instability and party evolution. (external link)
- Allan Sikk; Sona Nadenichek Golder; Raimondas Ibenskas et al. (2023). Does switching pay off? The impact of parliamentary party instability on individual electoral performance. (external link)
- Allan Sikk; Paulina Maria Salek-Lipcean; Sona Nadenichek Golder et al. (2024). Parliamentary party instability and party evolution. (external link)
- Allan Sikk; Sona Nadenichek Golder; Raimondas Ibenskas et al. (2023). Does switching pay off? The impact of parliamentary party instability on individual electoral performance. (external link)
- Raimondas Ibenskas; Paulina Maria Salek-Lipcean; Sona Nadenichek Golder et al. (2024). Popular party preferences and legislative party switching. (external link)
- Paulina Maria Salek-Lipcean; Allan Sikk; Sona Nadenichek Golder et al. (2023). Does switching pay off? The impact of parliamentary party instability on individual electoral performance. (external link)
- Raimondas Ibenskas; Sona Nadenichek Golder; Paulina Maria Salek-Lipcean et al. (2024). Popular party preferences and legislative party switching. (external link)
- Raimondas Ibenskas; Sona Nadenichek Golder; Allan Sikk et al. (2025). Parliamentary Switching and Electoral Party Evolution. (external link)
- Raimondas Ibenskas; Sona Nadenichek Golder; Allan Sikk et al. (2025). Electoral fate of party switchers. (external link)
- Raimondas Ibenskas; Sona Nadenichek Golder; Allan Sikk et al. (2025). Legislative Party Switching and Party Electoral Support. (external link)
- Raimondas Ibenskas; Sona Nadenichek Golder; Allan Sikk et al. (2025). Legislative Party Switching and Party Electoral Support. (external link)
- Sona Nadenichek Golder; Raimondas Ibenskas; Allan Sikk et al. (2022). Understanding the Complexity of Party Instability in Parliaments. (external link)
- Paulina Maria Salek-Lipcean; Sona Nadenichek Golder; Raimondas Ibenskas et al. (2024). Gender and Parliamentary Party Switching. (external link)
- Raimondas Ibenskas; Sona Nadenichek Golder (2024). Conflict in Parliamentary Parties: Workshop 9 of the 2024 Nordic Political Science Association (NOPSA) conference. (external link)
- Allan Sikk; Sona Nadenichek Golder; Raimondas Ibenskas et al. (2024). DOES SWITCHING PAY OFF? The impact of parliamentary party instability on individual electoral performance. (external link)
Academic article
- Adriana Bunea; Raimondas Ibenskas (2017). Unveiling patterns of contestation over Better Regulation reforms in the European Union.. (external link)
- Adriana Bunea; Raimondas Ibenskas (2017). Estimating interest groups’ policy positions through content analysis: a discussion of automated and human-coding text analysis techniques applied to studies of EU lobbying.. (external link)
- Raimondas Ibenskas (2016). Understanding pre-electoral coalitions in Central and Eastern Europe. (external link)
- Adriana Bunea; Raimondas Ibenskas; Florian Weiler (2025). Power, policy and national background: understanding interest groups-legislators ties on social media in the European Parliament. (external link)
- Raimondas Ibenskas; Polk Jonathan (2021). Party Responsiveness to Public Opinion in Young Democracies. (external link)
- Raimondas Ibenskas; Jonathan Polk (2021). Congruence and party responsiveness in Western Europe in the 21st century. (external link)
- Raimondas Ibenskas (2014). Activists or money? Explaining the electoral success and persistence of political parties in Lithuania. (external link)
- Raimondas Ibenskas (2016). Marriages of convenience: Explaining party mergers in Europe. (external link)
- Adriana Bunea; Raimondas Ibenskas (2015). Quantitative text analysis and the study of EU lobbying and interest groups.. (external link)
- Daniel J. Devine; Raimondas Ibenskas (2021). From convergence to congruence: European integration and citizen–elite congruence. (external link)
- Raimondas Ibenskas; Jonathan Polk (2024). Party responsiveness to public opinion in a multi-dimensional policy space. (external link)
- Raimondas Ibenskas; Adriana Bunea (2020). Legislators, organizations and ties: understanding interest group recognition in the European Parliament. (external link)
- Raimondas Ibenskas (2019). Electoral competition after party splits. (external link)
- Adriana Bunea; Raimondas Ibenskas; Florian Weiler (2021). Interest group networks in the European Union. (external link)
- Raimondas Ibenskas (2018). Forging enmities and friendships: Europarties, electoral coalitions and mergers in Central and Eastern Europe. (external link)
- Nicole Bolleyer; Raimondas Ibenskas; Dan Keith (2016). The survival and termination of party mergers in Europe. (external link)
- Raimondas Ibenskas; Nicole Bolleyer (2018). Forms of Inter-party Cooperation: Electoral Coalitions and Party Mergers. (external link)
- Raimondas Ibenskas; Paulina Salek-Lipcean; Sona Nadenichek Golder et al. (2025). Independents in Parliament: Temporary Status or Final Destination?. (external link)
- Allan Sikk; Sona Nadenichek Golder; Raimondas Ibenskas et al. (2026). Does switching pay off? The impact of parliamentary party instability on individual electoral performance. (external link)
- Raimondas Ibenskas; Marc van de Wardt (2023). One More Time? Parties’ Repeated Electoral Entry in Younger Democracies. (external link)
- Raimondas Ibenskas; Allan Sikk (2017). Patterns of party change in Central and Eastern Europe, 1990–2015. (external link)
- Jana Birke Belschner; Raimondas Ibenskas; Florian Weiler (2024). When do voters reveal candidate gender preferences? Evidence from individual-level ballot data. (external link)
- Raimondas Ibenskas; Nicole Bolleyer; Carina Bischoff (2019). Perspectives on political party death: theorizing and testing Downsian and sociological rationales. (external link)
Academic book chapter
See a complete overview of publications in Cristin.
Bunea, Adriana, Raimondas Ibenskas and Florian Weiler (2021). "Interest group networks in the European Union". European Journal of Political Research. https://ejpr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-6765.12471?af=R
Devine, Daniel and Raimondas Ibenskas (2021). "From convergence to congruence: European integration and citizen-elite congruence". European Union Politics. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/14651165211024936
Ibenskas, Raimondas and Jonathan Polk (2021). "Party Responsiveness to Public Opinion in Young Democracies". Political Studies. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0032321721993635
Ibenskas, Raimondas and Jonathan Polk (2021). "Congruence and Party Responsiveness in Western Europe in the 21st century". West European Politics. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01402382.2020.1859756
Ibenskas, Raimondas and Adriana Bunea (2020). "Legislators, organizations and ties: Understanding interest group recognition in the European Parliament". European Journal of Political Research. https://ejpr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1475-6765.12412
Ibenskas, Raimondas (2020). "Electoral Competition after Party Splits." Political Science Research & Methods 8(1): 45-59.
Ibenskas, Raimondas (2020). "Forging Enmities and Friendships: Europarties, Electoral Coalitions and Mergers in Central and Eastern Europe." Party Politics 26(1): 69-81.
Bolleyer, Nicole, Raimondas Ibenskas and Carina Bischoff (2019). "Sociological versus Downsian Visions of Party Politics: Theorizing and Testing Rivalling Accounts of Political Party Death. European Political Science Review 11(1): 19-35.
Ibenskas, Raimondas and Nicole Bolleyer (2018). "Forms of Inter-Party Cooperation: Electoral Coalitions, Party Mergers and Party Systems". East European Politics & Societies 32(3): 451-472.
Bunea, Adriana and Raimondas Ibenskas (2017). "Unveiling patterns of contestation over Better Regulation reforms in the European Union". Public Administration 95(3): 589-604.
Ibenskas, Raimondas and Allan Sikk (2017). "Patterns of party change in Central and Eastern Europe, 1990-2015". Party Politics 23(1): 43-54.
Bunea, Adriana and Raimondas Ibenskas (2017). "Estimating interest groups' policy positions through content analysis: A discussion of quantitative and qualitative text analysis applied to EU lobbying studies". European Political Science 16(3): 337-353.
Bolleyer, Nicole, Raimondas Ibenskas and Dan Keith (2016). "The survival and termination of party mergers in Europe." European Journal of Political Research 55(3): 642-659.
Ibenskas, Raimondas. "Marriages of Love or Convenience? Party Mergers in Europe." Journal of Politics 78(2): 343-356.
Ibenskas, Raimondas. "Understanding Pre-Electoral Coalitions in Central and Eastern Europe." British Journal of Political Science 46(3): 743-761.
Bunea, Adriana and Raimondas Ibenskas. "Quantitative Text Analysis and the study of EU lobbying and interest groups." European Union Politics 16(3): 429-455.
Ibenskas, Raimondas. "Activists or Money? Explaining the Electoral Success and Persistence of Political Parties in Lithuania." Party Politics 20(6): 879-889.
Projects
INSTAPARTY: Party Instability in Parliaments (funded by the Norwegian Research Council, project no 325141)
Elected representatives are widely expected to remain affiliated with the political parties that got them elected. However, party switching in parliaments is common, if not endemic, in many established and young democracies. By changing their affiliation, elected representatives create party instability: new parties form, existing parties dissolve, and the size of parties in parliament changes. Party instability may have important effects on election and government formation outcomes, public policy and voter representation.
INSTAPARTY examines party instability in parliaments in European democracies. It has three objectives: to map out diverse forms of instability, to explain why instability occurs, and to understand whether and how instability affects voter support of parties. The project aims to provide detailed information about each instance of party switching in eight European countries (Estonia, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland and Romania) and will establish the Observatory of Parliamentary Party Switches (OPPS) that records ongoing instability in a wider range of countries.
The INSTAPARTY research team is led by PI Raimondas Ibenskas (Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen) and co-PIs Sona Golder (Department of Political Science, Pennsylvania State University) and Allan Sikk (School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London).