The Streptococcal Interest Group (Beta-SIG)

Marta Wojnowska, Takeaki Wajima, Tamas Yelland, Hannes Ludewig, Robert M. Hagan, Grant Watt, Samir Hamaia, Dominique Bihan, Jean-Daniel Malcor, Arkadiusz Bonna, Helena Bergsten, Johanna Snäll, Mattias Svensson, Oddvar Oppegaard, Steinar Skrede, Per Arnell, Ole Hyldegaard, Richard W. Farndale, Anna Norrby-Teglund, Ulrich Schwarz-Linek. Structural basis for collagen recognition by the Streptococcus pyogenes M3 protein and its involvement in biofilm. 2025. eLIFE https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.105539.1

Lutro O, Tjørhom MB, Leta TH, Gjertsen JE, Hallan G, Bruun T, Westberg M, Wik TS, Pollmann CT, Lygre SH, Furnes O, Engesæter L, Dale H. How many doses and what type of antibiotic should be used as systemic antibiotic prophylaxis in primary hip and knee arthroplasty? A register-based study on 301,204 primary total and hemi- hip and total knee arthroplasties in Norway 2005-2023. Acta Orthop. 2025 Mar 4;96:217-225. doi: 10.2340/17453674.2025.43003.

Ole Hyldegaard, Michael Nekludov, Per Arnell, Torbjørn Nedrebø, Ylva Carlsson, Martin Brun Madsen, Steinar Skrede, Vitor Martins Dos Santos, Mattias Svensson, Anders Perner, Julie Vinkel, Anders Kjellberg, Anders Rosén, Johan Douglas, Trond Bruun, Christopher Hardt, Anna Norrby-Teglund and Morten Hedetoft. 2025 Use of hyperbaric oxygen in patients with necrotizing soft tissue infections: A Scandinavian multi-centre, prospective, observational cohort. Infect Dis Ther. 2025 Aug;14(8):1715-1738. doi: 10.1007/s40121-025-01184-5. 

Sedina Atic Kvalvik, Hanna Åmark, Rikke Bek Helmig, Mika Gissler, Lill Trine Nyfløt, Steinar Skrede, Siri Vangen, Svein Rasmussen, Elham Baghestan. 2025. Maternal deaths from sepsis in the Nordic countries during 2005-2021: A descriptive study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. doi: 10.1111/aogs.70011. 

Mårli MT, Arntzen MØ, Allred JA, Schultheiss AT, Oppegaard O, Kjos M, Straume D.Self-Immunity Towards a Novel Competence-Induced Streptococcal Peptidoglycan Hydrolase is Mediated by a Fem-Transferase-Like Protein. Mol Microbiol. 2025 Jun;123(6):516-530. doi: 10.1111/mmi.15361.

Marte Glambek, Morten Kjos, Marita T Mårli, Zhian Salehian, Steinar Skrede, Audun Sivertsen, Bård Reiakvam Kittang and Oddvar Oppegaard. 2025. TrexAB, a novel tetracycline resistance determinant in Streptococcus dysgalactiae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2025 Jun 30;15:1583926. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1583926. 

Abstracts 2025

1. Palma Medina LM, Bergonzini A., Moll K., Bruun T., Arnell P., Hyldegaard O., Skrede S., Edfors F., Uhlén M., Svensson M, Norrby-Teglund A. Differential immune responses in Group A Streptococcal Necrotizing Soft Tissue infections. LISSSD; 2025 Lancefield XXII; Brisbane, Australia June 1-5 2025
2. Marte Glambek, Bård R. Kittang, Audun Sivertsen, Steinar Skrede and Oddvar Oppegaard. Adaptive evolution of Streptococcus dysgalactiae. NSCMID2025, Mariehamn, Åland, Finland, August 28-31 2025 

Mass media 2025

1. NRK Barnesykehuset nettsak 09.03.2025 Auke i alvorlege infeksjonar som kjøttetande bakteriar og blodforgifting pga. gruppe A-streptokokkar. – NRK Vestland
2. NRK Vestland 17.03.2025 Vestland i dag - Distriktsprogram - Vestland - NRK Radio
3. NRK P2 EKKO. 03.04.2025. Kjøttetende bakterier. Ekko: Kjøttetende bakterier - Utrygt hjem - Trump 3.0 - Atombombe i verdensrommet - Ekko i P2 - NRK Radio

Sedina Atic Kvalvik, Sofie Zakariassen, Sofie Overrein, Svein Rasmussen, Steinar Skrede and Elham Baghestan.  2024. Obstetric infections and clinical characteristics of maternal sepsis: a hospital-based retrospective cohort study. 2024. Sci Rep. 2024 Mar 13;14(1):6067. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-56486-4.

Mårli MT, Oppegaard O, Porcellato D, Straume D, Kjos M.Genetic modification of Streptococcus dysgalactiae by natural transformation. mSphere. 2024 Jul 30;9(7):e0021424. doi: 10.1128/msphere.00214-24.

Lutro O, Mo S, Tjørhom MB, Fenstad AM, Leta TH, Bruun T, Hallan G, Furnes O, Dale H. How good are surgeons at disclosing periprosthetic joint infection at the time of revision, based on pre- and intra-operative assessment? A study on 16,922 primary total hip arthroplasties reported to the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register. Acta Orthop. 2024 Jan 30;95:67-72. doi: 10.2340/17453674.2024.39914

Marte Glambek, Steinar Skrede, Audun Sivertsen, Bård Reiakvam Kittang, Alba Kaci, Christine Monceyron Jonassen, Hannah Joan Jørgensen, Norwegian Study Group on Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Oddvar Oppegaard. Antimicrobial resistance patterns in Streptococcus dysgalactiae in a One Health perspective.  2024. Front. Microbiol. 2024;15 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1423762

Lea A Tölken, Janine V Neufend, Oddvar Oppegaard, Karen Methling, Kirsten Moll, Sylvio Redanz,  Miriam M D Katsburg, Murtadha Q Ali, Patience Shumba, Bernd Kreikemeyer, Steinar Skrede, Marcus Fulde, Anna Norrby-Teglund, Michael Lalk, Bård R Kittang and Nikolai Siemens. Streptokinase reduces Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis biofilm formation. BMC Microbiol 2024 Sep 30; 24(1):378. 

Bjørbak Alnæs M, Skodvin B, Anker Jahnsen J, Kalleklev Velure G, Oppegaard O, Reiakvam Kittang B, Storaas T, Aase Schaufel M. "What if the patient has a severe reaction, and it is my fault?" A qualitative study exploring factors for sustainable implementation of penicillin allergy delabelling. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2024 Sep 2;13(1):97. doi: 10.1186/s13756-024-01456-8

Kristian Løvås, Steinar Skrede og Jørn Sagen. 2024. Riktig bruk av blodprøver. (Nytt fra fagene).  Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2024 Nov 25;144(14). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.24.0493.

Abstract

Laura M. Palma Medina, Bergonzini Anna, Kirsten Moll, Per Arnell, Ole Hyldegaard, Steinar Skrede, Mattias Svensson, and Anna Norrby-Teglund. Differential local immune responses in Group A Streptococcal Necrotizing Soft Tissue infections. ESCMID Global 2025 

Massemedia

Verdens gang, VG. 19.05.2024 (+) Den «kjøtt-etende» bakterien

Oddvar Oppegaard, Marte Glambek, Dag Harald Skutlaberg, Steinar Skrede, Audun Sivertsen and Bård Reiakvam Kittang. Streptococcus dysgalactiae Bloodstream Infections, Norway, 1999-2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(2):260-267. doi:10.3201/eid2902.221218. PMID: 36692331

Nora Rønsåsbjørg, Elisabet Ethun Karlsen, Steinar Skrede, Knut Anders Mosevoll. Scoring systems for early detection of sepsis on the ward. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2023 Jan 30;143(2). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.21.0905. PMID: 36718894

Aleksander Holten & Steinar Skrede. 2023. Tidlig antibiotikabehandling til de rette pasientene. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2023 Jan 30;143(2). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.22.0702.PMID: 36718892

Eivind Rath, Laura M. Palma Medina, Sanjeevan Jahagirdar, Knut A. Mosevoll, Jan K. Damås, Edoardo Saccenti, Martin B. Madsen, Mattias Svensson, Ole Hyldegaard, Vitor A. P. Martins dos Santos, INFECT Study group, Edoardo Saccenti, Anna Norrby-Teglund, Steinar Skrede and Trond Bruun. 2022. Systemic immune activation profiles in streptococcal necrotizing soft tissue infections: A prospective multicenter study. Clinical Immunology 2023 249:109276. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109276. PMID: 36871764

Alba Kaci, Christine, Monceyron Jonassen, Steinar Skrede, Audun Sivertsen, Martin Steinbakk, Oddvar Oppegaard, The Norwegian Study Group on Streptococcus dysgalactiae. Genomic epidemiology of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis strains causing invasive disease in Norway during 2018.  Frontiers in Microbiology doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1171913. PMID: 37485526

Elin Movert, Jaume Salgado Bolarin, Christine Valfridsson, Jorge Velarde, Steinar Skrede, Michael Nekludov, Ole Hyldegaard, Per Arnell, Mattias Svensson, Anna Norrby-Teglund, Kyu Hong Cho, Eran Elhaik, Michael Wessels, Lars Råberg, and Fredric Carlsson. 2023 Interplay between human STING genotype and bacterial NADase activity regulates interindividual disease variability.  Nature Communications. 2023 Jul 6;14(1):4008. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39771-0.  PMID: 37414832

Patience Shumba, Thomas Sura, Kirsten Moll, Bhavya Chakrakodi, Lea A. Tölken, Jörn Hoßmann, Katharina J. Hoff, Ole Hyldegaard, Michael Nekludov, Mattias Svensson, Per Arnell, Steinar Skrede, INFECT Study Group, Anna Norrby-Teglund and Nikolai Siemens. 2023.  Neutrophil-derived reactive agents induce a transient SpeB negative phenotype in Streptococcus pyogenes. J Biomed Sci. 2023 Jul 10;30(1):52. doi: 10.1186/s12929-023-00947-x. PMID: 37430325

Dag Harald Skutlaberg, Harald Wiker, Haima Mylvaganam, the INFECT study group, Anna Norrby-Teglund, Steinar Skrede.  2022.  Consistent Biofilm Formation by Streptococcus pyogenes emm 1 Isolated From Patients With Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections.  Front Microbiol. 13:822243. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.822243. PMID: 35250938

Sanjeevan Jahagirdar, Lorna Morris, Nirupama Benis, Oddvar Oppegaard, Mattias Svensson, Ole Hyldegaard, Steinar Skrede, Anna Norrby-Teglund, INFECT Study group, Vitor A. P. Martins dos Santos, Edoardo Saccenti. 2022.  Analysis of host-pathogen gene association networks reveals patient-specific response to streptococcal and polymicrobial necrotising soft tissue infections.  BMC Med. 20(1):173. doi: 10.1186/s12916-022-02355-8.  PMID: 35505341

Sonja Katz, Jaco Suijker, Christopher Hardt, Martin Bruun Madsen, Annebeth Meij-de Vries, Anouk Pijpe, Steinar Skrede, Ole Hyldegaard, Erik Solligård, Anna Norrby-Teglund, Edoardo Saccenti, Vitor Martins dos Santos. Decision support system and outcome prediction in a cohort of patients with necrotizing soft-tissue infections. 2022. Int J Med Inform. 2022 Nov; 167:104878. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2022.104878. PMID: 36194993 

Lindemann PC, Mylvaganam H, Oppegaard O, Anthonisen IL, Zecic N, Skaare D. Case Report: Whole-Genome Sequencing of Serially Collected Haemophilus influenzae From a Patient With Common Variable Immunodeficiency Reveals Within-Host Evolution of Resistance to Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole and Azithromycin After Prolonged Treatment With These Antibiotics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022 Jun 1;12:896823. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.896823. eCollection 2022. PMID: 35719354

Sherwood E, Vergnano S, Kakuchi I, Bruce MG, Chaurasia S, David S, Dramowski A, Georges S, Guy R, Lamagni T, Levy-Bruhl D, Lyytikäinen O, Naus M, Okaro JO, Oppegaard O, Vestrheim DF, Zulz T, Steer AC, Van Beneden CA, Seale AC. Invasive group A streptococcal disease in pregnant women and young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 Jul;22(7):1076-1088. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00672-1. Epub 2022 Apr 4. PMID: 35390294

Ingunn Gundersen, Trond Bruun, Ellen Berget, Hans Kristian Haugland, Stian Almeland, Jørg Assmuss, Eivind Rath, Anna Norrby-Teglund, Steinar Skrede and Knut Anders Mosevoll. 2022.   Clinical characteristics and histopathology in suspected necrotizing soft tissue infections. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022 Nov 3;9(11): ofac571. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofac571.PMID: 36381623

Trond Bruun og Steinar Skrede.  2022.  42. Hud- og bløtdelsinfeksjoner.  I «Indremedisin II» 2.utg., Fagbokforlaget (Birkeland, K.I., Gullestad, L., Aabakken, L., eds.) ISBN: 9788245040968

Steinar Skrede, Jan Kristian Damås og Bjørn Blomberg.  2022.  45. Sepsis.  I «Indremedisin II» 2.utg., Fagbokforlaget (Birkeland, K.I., Gullestad, L., Aabakken, L., eds.) ISBN: 9788245040968

Porcellato D, Smistad M, Skeie SB, Jørgensen HJ, Austbø L, Oppegaard O. Whole genome sequencing reveals possible host species adaptation of Streptococcus dysgalactiae. Sci Rep. 2021 Aug 30;11(1):17350. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-96710-z.PMID: 34462475

Laura M. Palma Medina, Eivind Rath, Sanjeevan Jahagirdar, Trond Bruun, Martin Bruun Madsen, Kristoffer Strålin, Christian Unge, Marco Bo Hansen, Per Arnell, Ole Hyldegaard, Vitor Martins dos Santos, Edoardo Saccenti, Steinar Skrede, Mattias Svensson, Anna Norrby-Teglund. 2021. Discriminatory plasma biomarkers for specific endotypes of necrotizing soft tissue infections.  J Clin Invest, Jul 15;131(14):e149523.  doi: 10.1172/JCI149523. PMID: 34263738

Helena Bergsten, Laura Palma Medina, Marina Morgan, Kirsten Moll, Dag Harald Skutlaberg, Steinar Skrede, T. Wajima, Mattias Svensson, Anna Norrby-Teglund.  Adjunctive Rifampicin Increases Antibiotic Efficacy in Group A Streptococcal Tissue Infection Models. 2021. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 65(11): e0065821. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00658-21. PMID: 34491807

Smistad M, Tollersrud TS, Austbø L, Porcellato D, Wolff C, Asal B, Phythian CJ, Oppegaard O, Jørgensen HJ. Molecular detection and genotype characterization of Streptococcus dysgalactiae from sheep flocks with outbreaks of infectious arthritis. Vet Microbiol. 2021 Nov;262:109221. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109221. Epub 2021 Aug 30. PMID: 34482054

Nybakken EJ, Oppegaard O, Gilhuus M, Jensen CS, Mylvaganam H. Identification of Streptococcus dysgalactiae using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry; refining the database for improved identification.  Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021 Jan;99(1):115207. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115207. PMID: 33069003

Muhammad Afzal, Edoardo Saccenti, Martin Bruun Madsen, Marco Bo Hansen, Steinar Skrede, Ole Hyldegaard, Vitor Martins dos Santos, Anna Norrby-Teglund and Mattias Svensson.  2020. Integrated univariate, multivariate and correlation-based network analyses reveal metabolite-specific effects on bacterial growth and biofilm formation in necrotizing soft tissue infections. J Proteome Res. 2020;19(2):688-698. doi: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00565. PMID: 31833369

Trond Bruun, Eivind Rath, Martin Bruun Madsen, Oddvar Oppegaard, Michael Nekludov, Per Arnell, Ylva Karlsson, Anshu Babbar, Francois Bergey, Andreas Itzek, , Ole Hyldegaard , Anna Norrby-Teglund and Steinar Skrede; INFECT Study Group. 2020. Risk factors and Predictors of Mortality in Streptococcal Necrotizing Soft-Tissue Infections: A Multicenter Prospective Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Jan 27;72(2):293-300. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa027 PMID: 31923305

Helena Bergsten, Martin Bruun Madsen, Francois Bergey, Ole Hyldegaard, Steinar Skrede, Per Arnell, Andreas Itzek, Anders Perner, Mattias Svensson, Anna Norrby-Teglund; INFECT study group. 2020.  IVIG and superantigen neutralization. Correlation between immunoglobulin dose administered and plasma neutralization of streptococcal superantigens in patients with necrotizing soft tissue infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(7) 1772-1775 doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa022. PMID: 31916575

Eivind Rath, Steinar Skrede, Oddvar Oppegaard and Trond Bruun.  2020.  Non-purulent skin and soft tissue infections: Evaluating a severity scoring system and the appropriateness of treatment in a prospective cohort.  Infect Dis (Lond). 2020; 13:1-11. doi: 10.1080/23744235.2020.1726447. PMID: 32052670

Oddvar Oppegaard, Steinar Skrede, Haima Mylvaganam, and Bård Kittang. 2020.  Emerging threat of antimicrobial resistance in β-hemolytic streptococci. Front. Microbiol. 11:797 doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.00797 PMID: 32477287

Marijke Peetermans, Nicolas de Prost, Christian Eckmann, Anna Norrby-Teglund, Steinar Skrede, Jan J. De Waele. 2020. Necrotizing skin and soft tissue infections in the intensive care unit. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020 26(1):8-17. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.06.031. PMID: 31284035

Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections. Clinical and Pathogenic Aspects. 2020.  Book Series Title:Adv Exp Med Biol , Volume Number:1294, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology; Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020, Springer, Cham, Springer Nature (Switzerland AG): Editors Anna Norrby-Teglund, Mattias Svensson, Steinar Skrede. Print ISBN 978-3-030-57615-8, Online ISBN 978-3-030-57616-5, Series Print ISSN 0065-2598, Series Online ISSN 2214-8019 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57616-5

Torbjørn Nedrebø and Steinar Skrede. Necrotizing soft tissue infections.  Case reports, from the clinicians’ perspective. In: Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections Clinical and Pathogenic Aspects, Chapter 3, 2020.  Book Series Title: Adv Exp Med Biol, Volume Number: 1294, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology; Springer Nature (Switzerland AG): Editors: Anna Norrby-Teglund, Mattias Svensson, Steinar Skrede. ISBN:978-3-030-57615. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020; 1294:21-37. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-57616-5_3.PMID: 33079361

Treatment of Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections: Antibiotics. Oppegaard O, Rath E. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1294:87-103. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-57616-5_7. PMID: 33079365

Steinar Skrede, Trond Bruun, Eivind Rath and Oddvar Oppegaard. Necrotizing soft tissue infections: microbiological etiology. In: Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections Clinical and Pathogenic Aspects, Chapter 5, 2020.  Book Series Adv Exp Med Biol, Volume Number: 1294, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology; Springer Nature (Switzerland AG): Editors: Anna Norrby-Teglund, Mattias Svensson, and Steinar Skrede. ISBN:978-3-030-57615-8.  Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020; 1294:53-71. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-57616-5_5. PMID: 33079363

Trond Bruun, Eivind Rath, Oddvar Oppegaard and Steinar Skrede. Beta-hemolytic streptococci and necrotizing soft tissue infections. In: Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections Clinical and Pathogenic Aspects, Chapter 7, 2020.  Book Series Adv Exp Med Biol, Volume Number: 1294, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology; Springer Nature (Switzerland AG): Editors: Anna Norrby-Teglund, Mattias Svensson, Steinar Skrede. ISBN:978-3-030-57615-8.  Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020; 1294:73-86. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-57616-5_6. PMID: 33079364

Vitor AP Martins dos Santos, Christopher Hardt, Steinar Skrede and Edoardo Saccenti. Systems and precision medicine in necrotizing soft tissue infections. In: Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections Clinical and Pathogenic Aspects, Chapter 12, 2020.  Book Series Adv Exp Med Biol, Volume Number: 1294, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology; Springer Nature (Switzerland AG): Editors: Anna Norrby-Teglund, Mattias Svensson, Steinar Skrede. ISBN:978-3-030-57615-8. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020; 1294:187-207. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-57616-5_12.  PMID: 33079370

Baude J, Bastien S, Gillet Y, Leblanc P, Itzek A, Tristan A, Bes M, Duguez S, Moreau K, Diep BA, Norrby-Teglund A, Henry T, Vandenesch F; INFECT Study Group. 2019. Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections S.aureus - but not S.pyogenes- isolates display high rate of internalization and cytotoxicity toward human myoblasts. J Infect Dis. 2019;220(4):710-719. pii: jiz167. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz167. PMID: 31001627

Robert Thänert, Andreas Itzek, Jörn Hoßmann, Domenica Hamisch, Martin Bruun Madsen, Ole Hyldegaard, Steinar Skrede, Trond Bruun, Anna Norrby-Teglund, INFECT study group, Eva Medina, and Dietmar H. Pieper.  2019.  Molecular profiling of tissue biopsies reveals unique signatures associated with streptococcal necrotizing soft tissue infections. Nature Communications 2019;10(1):3846. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11722-8. PMID: 31451691

Martin B. Madsen, Steinar Skrede, Anders Perner, Per Arnell, Michael Nekludov, Trond Bruun, Ylva Karlsson, Marco B Hansen, Peter Polzik, Morten Hedetoft, Anders Rosén, Edoardo Saccenti, Francois Bergey, Vitor A.P. Martins dos Santos, INFECT Study group, Anna Norrby-Teglund and Ole Hyldegaard. 2019.   Patient’s characteristics and outcomes in necrotising soft tissue infections: results from a Scandinavian multicentre, prospective cohort study.  Intensive Care Medicine 2019;45(9):1241-1251. doi: 10.1007/s00134-019-05730-x. PMID:31440795

Nikolai Siemens, Sonja Oehmcke-Hecht, Jörn Hoßmann, Sebastian B. Skorka, Roel H.T. Nijhuis, Corinne Ruppen, Steinar Skrede, Manfred Rohde, Daniel Schultz, Michael Lalk, Andreas Itzek, Dietmar H. Pieper, Christiaan J. van den Bout, Eric C.J. Claas, Ed J. Kuijper, Robert Mauritz, Parham Sendi, Herman F. Wunderink and Anna Norrby-Teglund.  2019.  Prothrombotic and proinflammatory activities of the β-hemolytic group B streptococcal pigment.  J Innate Immun. 2019 19:1-13. doi: 10.1159/000504002. PMID: 31743913

Johanna Emgård, Helena Bergsten, John McCormick, Steinar Skrede, Johan K. Sandberg, Anna Norrby-Teglund.  2019. MAIT cells are major contributors to the cytokine response of group A streptococcal toxic shock syndrome.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019;116(51):25923-25931. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1910883116. PMID: 31772015

Anders Rosén, Per Arnell, Martin Bruun Madsen, Bjørn Gunnar Nedrebø, Anna Norrby-Teglund, Ole Hyldegaard, Vitor A.P. Martins dos Santos,  François Bergey, Edoardo Saccenti, INFECT Study Group and Steinar Skrede.  Diabetes and necrotizing soft tissue infections – a prospective observational cohort study: statistical analysis plan.  Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2018; 62 (8): 1171-77. doi: 10.1111/aas.13130. PMID: 29671865

Anshu Babbar, Trond Bruun, Ole Hyldegaard, Michael Nekludov, Per Arnell, INFECT study group, Dietmar H. Pieper, Andreas Itzek. Pivotal role of prexexisting pathogen-spesific antibodies in the development og necrotizing soft-tissue infections.  J Infect Dis. 2018 Jun 5;218(1):44-52. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiy110.  PMID: 29878263

Eivind Rath, Steinar Skrede, Mylvaganam H, Bruun T. 2018. Aetiology and clinical features of facial cellulitis: a prospective study.  Infect Dis (Lond). 2018;50(1):27-34. doi: 10.1080/23744235.2017.1354130.  PMID: 28768452

Oddvar Oppegaard, Haima Mylvaganam, Steinar Skrede, Bård R. Kittang. 2018. Exploring the arthritogenicity of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis.  BMC Microbiol. 2018;18(1):17. doi: 10.1186/s12866-018-1160-5. PMID: 29482512

Knut Anders Mosevoll, Steinar Skrede, Dagfinn Lunde Markussen, Rune HR Fanebust, Hans K Flaatten, Jørg Assmus, Håkon Reikvam and Øystein Bruserud. 2018. Inflammatory Mediator profiles differ in sepsis patients with and without bacteremia. Front Immunol. 2018; 9:691. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00691. PMID: 29681903

Oppegaard O, Mylvaganam H, Skrede S, Lindemann PC, Kittang BR. Emergence of a Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis stG62647-lineage associated with severe clinical manifestations. Sci Rep. 2017 Aug 8;7 (1):7589.

Oppegaard O, Mylvaganam H, Skrede S, Jordal S, Glambek M, Kittang BR. Clinical and molecular characteristics of infective β-haemolytic streptococcal endocarditis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2017 Jun 20.

Oppegaard O. Unravelling pathogenetic mechanisms of epidemic lineages. Editorial. Virulence. 2017 May;10:1-3.

Hansen MB, Rasmussen LS, Svensson M, Chakrabodi B, Bruun T, Madsen MB, Perner A, Garred P, Hyldegaard O, Norrby-Teglund A, INFECT study group. Association between cytokine response, the LRINEC score and outcome in patients with necrotizing soft tissue infection: a multicentre, prospective study. Sci Rep. 2017 Feb 8;7:42179.

Kittang BR, Pettersen VK, Oppegaard O, Skutlaberg DH, Dale H, Wiker HG, Skrede S. Zoonotic necrotizing myositis caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in a farmer. BMC Infect Dis. 2017 Feb 15;17(1):147.

Bruun T, Oppegaard O, Hufthammer KO, Langeland N, Skrede S. Early response in Cellulitis: A prospective Study of Dynamics and Predictors. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Oct 15;63(8):1034-1041.

Oppegaard O, Skrede S, Mylvaganam H, Kittang BR. Temporal trends of β-haemolytic streptococcal osteoarticular infections in western Norway. BMC Infect Dis. 2016 Oct 4;16(1):535.

Siemens N, Chakrabodi B, Shambat SM, Morgan M, Bergsten H, Hyldegaard O, Skrede S, Arnell P, Madsen MB, Johansson L, INFECT Study Group, Juarez J, Bosnjak L, Mörgelin M, Svensson M, Norrby-Teglund A. Biofilm in group A streptococcal necrotizing soft tissue infections. JCI Insight. 2016 Jul 7;1(10):e87882.

Bruun T, Oppegaard O, Kittang BR, Mylvaganam H, Langeland N, Skrede S. Etiology of Cellulitis and the Validity of New and Old Methods. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Apr 1;62(7):954-5.

Bruun T, Oppegaard O, Kittang BR, Mylvaganam H, Langeland N, Skrede S. Etiology of cellulitis and Clinical Prediction of Streptococcal Disease: A Prospective Study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2015 Nov 25;3(1):ofv181.

Siemens N, Kittang BR, Chakrakodi B, Bruun T, Johansson L, Oppegaard O, INFECT Study Group, Svensson M, Skrede S, Norrby-Teglund A. Increased cytotoxity and streptolysin activity in group G streptococcal strains causing invasive tissue infections. Sci Rep 2015 Nov 25;5: 16945.

Jordal S, Glambek M, Oppegaard O, Kittang BR. New tricks from an old cow: infective endocarditis caused by Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae. J Clin Microbiol. 2015 Feb;53(2):731-4.

Oppegaard O, Mylvaganam H, Kittang BR. Beta-haemolytic group A, C and G streptococcal infections in Western Norway: a 15-year retrospective survey. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015 Feb;21(2):171-8.

Oppegaard O, Mylvaganam H, Skrede S, Langeland N, Kittang BR. Sequence diversity of sicG among group C and G Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis isolates associated with human infections in western Norway. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014 Feb;33(2):273-7.

Trond Bruun, Bård R.Kittang, Bram de Hoog, Sidsel Aardal, Hans K. Flaatten, Nina Langeland, Haima Mylvaganam, Hallvard A. Vindenes and Steinar Skrede.  2013.  Necrotizing soft tissue infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis in western Norway.  Clin Microbiol Infect. DoI: 10.1111.1469-0691.12276.  PMID 23795951.

Torbjørn Nedrebø, Trond Bruun, Rune Skjåstad, Gunhild Holmaas, and Steinar Skrede.  2012. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment in three cases of necrotizing infection of the neck. Infect Dis Reports, 4;e21:73-76. doi: 10.4081/idr.2012.e21. PMID 24470928.

Bård Reiakvam Kittang, Steinar Skrede, Nina Langeland, Christel Gill-Haanshuus and Haima Mylvaganam. 2011.  Emm diversity, superantigen profiles and prescence of SlaA among clinical isolates of group A, C and G streptococci from western Norway.  Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 30;(3):423-433. doi: 10.1007/s10096-010-1105-x. PMID 21103900.

Bård Reiakvam Kittang, Trond Bruun, Nina Langeland, Haima Mylvaganam, Marte Glambek and Steinar Skrede.  2011.  Invasive group A, C and G streptococcal disease in western Norway: virulence gene profiles, clinical features and outcomes. Clin Microbiol Infect 17;(3):758-764 doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03253.x.  PMID: 20456456

Nordal HH, Kittang BR, Bindoff LA. Rhabdomyolysis after group C streptococcal  infection. Infect Dis Rep. 2010 Oct 1;2(2):e15. doi: 10.4081/idr.2010.e15. eCollection 2010 Aug 4.PMID: 24470895

Trond Bruun, Bård Reiakvam Kittang, Haima Mylvaganam, Morten Lund-Johansen and Steinar Skrede.  2010. Clinical, microbiological and molecular characteristics of six cases of group A streptococcal meningitis in western Norway. Scand J Infect Dis 42;(9):665-671 doi: 10.3109/00365548.2010.483477.  PMID: 20465489

Bård Reiakvam Kittang, Nina Langeland, Steinar Skrede and Haima Mylvaganam.  2010. Two unusual cases of severe soft tissue infection caused by Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis. J Clin Microbiol 48;(4):1484-1487. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01737-09. PMID: 20147644

Haima Mylvaganam, Trond Bruun, Hallvard Andreas Vindenes, Nina Langeland and Steinar Skrede.  2009. Molecular epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of invasive β-hemolytic streptococcal infection in Western Norway. Clin Microbiol Infect, 15;(3):245-52 doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02664.x.  PMID: 19178544

Kittang BR, Langeland N, Mylvaganam H. Distribution of emm types and subtypes among noninvasive group A, C and G streptococcal isolates in western Norway. APMIS. 2008 Jun;116(6):457-64.PMID: 18754319

Jessica Darenberg, Nahla Ihendyane, Jan Sjölin, Ewa Aufwerber, Sven Haidl, Per Follin, Jan Andersson, Anna Norrby-Teglund, and The Streptlg Study Group: Investigators. Sweden: Erling B. Myhre, Jonas Cronqvist, Birgitta Svanteson, Sven Haidl, Inga Odenholdt, Jan Sjölin, Mia Furebring, Bo Söderquist, Per Follin, Vanda Friman, Ewa Aufwerber, Bengt Gårdlund, Jan Häggqvist, Gunilla Sundelin, Anders Håkansson, Björn Eriksson, Göran Gönther, and Jan Smedjegård. Norway: Claus Ola Solberg, Stein Lund-Tønnessen, Steinar Skrede, Haakon Sjursen, Elisabeth von der Lippe, Oddbjørn Brubakk, Bjørn Myrvang, Kjell B. Hellum, Nils Smith-Erichssen, Øystein Strand, and Aira Bucher. Finland: Asko Järvinen. The Netherlands: Jaap van Dissel, Peter Veldkamp, Jos van der Meer, Bart Jan Kullberg, Jan Verhoef, and Ellen Mascini. United Kingdom: Jonathan Cohen and Shiranee Sriskandan. Denmark: Gitte Kronborg and Christian Fischer. 2003.  Intravenous Immunoglobulin G Therapy in Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome: A European Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.  Clin Infect Dis 37;(3):333-340 PMID: 12884156

Mylvaganam H, Bjorvatn B, Osland A. Polymorphism of the virulence regulon and allelic variations of the sic gene among the emm1 isolates of group A Streptococcus from western Norway. Microb Pathog. 2001 Feb;30(2):71-9.PMID: 11162187

Mylvaganam H, Bjorvatn B, Osland A. Distribution and sequence variations of selected virulence genes among group A streptococcal isolates from western Norway. APMIS. 2000 Nov;108(11):771-8.PMID: 11211972

Mylvaganam H, Bjorvatn B, Hofstad T, Osland A. Molecular characterization and allelic distribution of the phage-mediated hyaluronidase genes hylP and hylP2 among group A streptococci from western Norway. Microb Pathog. 2000 Sep;29(3):145-53. PMID: 10968946

Mylvaganam H, Bjorvatn B, Hofstad T, Osland A. Emm gene polymorphism among temporally clustered group A streptococcal isolates in western Norway. APMIS. 2000 Apr;108(4):303-12.PMID: 10843420 2003

Mylvaganam H, Bjorvatn B, Hofstad T, Hjetland R, Hoiby EA, Holm SE.  Small-fragment restriction endonuclease analysis in epidemiological mapping of group A streptococci.  J Med Microbiol. 1994 Apr;40(4):256-60.  PMID: 8151676

Kathrine Lukkedal, Siri Tandberg Knoop, Olga Margrethe Espeland, Hilde Margrethe Sørås Dale, Steinar Skrede og Knut Anders Mosevoll. Scoringssystemer i en indremedisinsk overvåkingsenhet.  Regionalt møte Pasientsikkerhetsprogram Haukeland universitetdssjukehus 14.09.2023. HUS

Sedina Atic Kvalvik, Sofie Brænes Zakariassen, Sofie Overrein, Svein Rasmussen, Steinar Skrede, Elham Baghestan.  Obstetric infections and clinical characteristics of maternal sepsis. A hospitalbased historical cohort study. Nordic Federation of societies of Obstetrics and Gynecology, August 27-30, 2023, Trondheim, Norway

Sedina Atic Kvalvik, Lill Trine Nyfløt, Hanna Åmark, Rikke Beg Helmig, Outi Äyräs, SveinRasmussen, Steinar Skrede, Elham Baghestan. The impact of sepsis on maternal deaths in the Nordic countries. Nordic Federation of societies of Obstetrics and Gynecology, August 27-30, 2023, Trondheim, Norway

Jesus M. Eraso, Priyanka Kachroo, Laura M.Palma medina, Kirsten Moll, Per Arnell, Ole Hyldegaard, Michael Nekludov, Oddvar Oppegaard, Trond Bruun, Steinar Skrede, the INFECT Study Group, Anna Norrby-Teglund and James Musser.  Transcriptome analysis of Streptococcus pyogenes in biopsies from patients with monomicrobial necrotizing soft tissue infections.  The 2022 Lancefield International Symposium on Streptococci and Streptococcal Diseases, A Marcus Wallenberg Symposium, June 7 – 10 2022, Stockholm, Sweden.

Helena Bergsten, Laura Palma Medina, Marina Morgan, Kirsten Moll, Dag Harald Skutlaberg, Steinar Skrede, T. Wajima, Mattias Svensson, Anna Norrby-Teglund.  Adjunctive Rifampicin Increases Antibiotic Efficacy in Group A Streptococcal Tissue Infection Models. The 2022 Lancefield International Symposium on Streptococci and Streptococcal Diseases, A Marcus Wallenberg Symposium, June 7 – 10 2022, Stockholm, Sweden.

Marte Glambek, Steinar Skrede, Alba Kaci, Audun Sivertsen, Hannah Joan Jørgensen, Martin Steinbakk, Christine Monceyron Jonassen, Bård Reiakvam Kittang and Oddvar Oppegaard.Increasing antimicrobial resistance in human pathogenic Streptococcus dysgalactiae – of zoonotic origin? The 2022 Lancefield International Symposium on Streptococci and Streptococcal Diseases, A Marcus Wallenberg Symposium, June 7 – 10 2022, Stockholm, Sweden.

Ingunn M. Gundersen, Trond Bruun, Ellen Berget, Hans Kristian Haugland, Stian Kreken Almeland, Jürg Assmus, Eivind Rath, Anna Norrby-Teglund, Steinar Skrede and Knut Anders Mosevoll. Histopathology in necrotizing soft tissue infections. A retrospective cohort study. The 2022 Lancefield International Symposium on Streptococci and Streptococcal Diseases, A Marcus Wallenberg Symposium, June 7 – 10 2022, Stockholm, Sweden.

Steinar Skrede Klinisk nytte av persontilpasset medisin. Livstruende, akutte bakterielle infeksjoner. Nasjonal konferanse i persontilpasset medisin. May 5-6, 2022. Tromsø, Norway (invited oral presentation).

Steinar Skrede.  Sepsis. «One size fits all» eller persontilpasset medisin? Vårmøtet, Norsk forening for infeksjonsmedisin/Norsk forening for medisinsk mikrobiologi, Voss, 30.09.-01.10 2021 (invited oral presentation). 

Laura M. Palma Medina, Eivind Rath, Sanjeevan Jahagirdar, Trond Bruun, Martin Bruun Madsen, Kristoffer Strålin, Christian Unge, Marco Bo Hansen, Per Arnell, Ole Hyldegaard, Vitor Martins dos Santos, Edoardo Saccenti, Steinar Skrede, Mattias Svensson and Anna Norrby-Teglund. 2021. Plasma signatures of necrotizing soft tissue infections clinical endotypes. World Microbe Forum, American Society of Microbiology (ASM) and the Federation of European Microbiological Societies (FEMS), online June 20-24, 2021.

Sanjeevan Jahagirdar, Laura Palma Medina, Eivind Rath, Trond Brunn, Mattias Svensson, Steinar Skrede, Anna Norrby-Teglund, Vitor Martins dos Santos, and Edoardo Saccenti. Personalised Medicine in Necrotising Soft Tissue Infections: Identifying Biomarkers.  BioSB 2020; 6th Dutch Bioinformatics & Systems Biology Conference, April 21-22, 2020, Congrescentrum De Werelt, Lunteren, the Netherlands

Eivind Rath, Steinar Skrede, Laura M. P. Medina, Knut A. Mosevoll, Edoardo Saccenti, Sanjeevan Jahagirdar, INFECT Study Group, Anna Norrby-Teglund and Trond Bruun. Biomarker profiles in streptococcal skin and soft tissue infections with or without necrosis or shock: A prospective multicenter study. 30th ECCMID, 18 - 21 April 2020, Paris, France.

Steinar Skrede. Betahaemolytic streptococci in necrotizing soft tissue infections Skåne Region Infectious Diseases Forum Conference, Ystad Saltsjøbad, Sweden 14.11.2019 (invited oral presentation). 

Steinar Skrede. Nekrotiserende bløtdelsinfeksjoner; tilstand og håndtering, samt studieresultater fra den prospektive, skandinavisk studien INFECT.  Indremedisinsk høstmøte, Hotel Bristol, October 18. 2019, Oslo, Norway (invited oral presentation).

Steinar Skrede. Necrotizing soft tissue infections, in Swedish Infectious Diseases Specialist Training in Sepsis and septic shock, Karolinska Sjukehuset, Huddinge, Sweden 08.10 2019 (invited lecturer)

Steinar Skrede.  Streptococcus pyogenes in skin and soft tissue infections.  NSCMID2019, September 12-15, Trondheim, Norway (invited oral presentation).

Dag Harald Skutlaberg, Harald G. Wiker, Haima Mylvaganam, Anshu Babbar, Anna Norrby-Teglund and Steinar Skrede.  Relationship between biofilm formation and emm type in Streptococcus pyogenes causing necrotizing soft tissue infections.  NSCMID2019, September 12-15, Trondheim, Norway

Ole Hyldegaard, Torbjørn Nedrebø, Michael Nekludov, Anders Rosen, Per Arnell, Ylva Karlsson, Martin Bruun Madsen, Steinar Skrede, Anna Norrby-Teglund, The INFECT Study Group.  Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections – Experiences from the prospective, observational INFECT study. 2nd Tricontinental Scientific Conference on Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, TRICON2018, September 23-29, 2018, Durban, South Africa

Eivind Rath, Steinar Skrede and Trond Bruun.  Severity scores, appropriateness of treatment, and outcome in non-purulent skin and soft tissue infections: A prospective study.  28th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ECCMID), April 21.-24., 2018 Madrid, Spain

Trond Bruun, Ole Hyldegaard, Martin Bruun-Madsen, Michael Nekludov, Per Arnell, Ylva Karlsson, Andreas Itzek, Anna Norrby-Teglund, Steinar Skrede and  INFECT Study Group.  Clinical features of necrotizing soft tissue infections caused by beta-hemolytic Group A, C and G streptococci:  analysis of the Scandinavian INFECT study cohort.  LISSSD 2017; 20^th Lancefield International Symposum on Streptococci and Streptococcal Diseases, Fiji, October 16.-20. 2017 (oral presentation)

Dag Harald Skutlaberg, Haima Mylvaganam, Harald Wiker, Anna Norrby-Teglund and Steinar Skrede. The contribution of biofilm to antibiotic resistance in betahemolytic streptococci.  5^th European Congress on Microbial Biofilms, Amsterdam The Netherlands 19.-22.September 2017

Eivind Rath, Steinar Skrede, Haima Mylvaganam and Trond Bruun. Etiologi og kliniske aspekter ved ansiktscellulitt: En prospektiv studie.  Vårmøtet, Norsk forening for infeksjonsmedisin/Norsk forening for medisinsk mikrobiologi, Sarpsborg, Norway, 31.mai-1.juni 2017 (oral presentation)

Eivind Rath, Steinar Skrede, Haima Mylvaganam and Trond Bruun.  Aetiology and clinical features of facial cellulitis: A prosepective study.  Abstract reference No., 27^th ECCMID, Vienna, Austria, April 22.-25.2017

Oppegaard O, Mylvaganam H, Skrede S, Kittang BR. Økende forekomst av invasive gruppe C og G streptokokk-infeksjoner i Helse-Bergen. Folkehelseinstituttets årskonferanse i mikrobiologi, Oslo, Norway, 1-2. December 2016.

Oppegaard O, Skrede S, Mylvaganam H, Kittang BR. Increasing incidence of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis osteoarticular infections. ECCMID, Amsterdam, Holland, 9-12. April 2016.

Anshu Babbar, Patrick Nitsche Schmitz, Guarran Singh Chhatwal, Andreas Itzek, INFECT study group.  Identification of pathogen traits and host immune responses affecting the outcome of necrotising soft tissue infections.  XIX Lancefield 2014, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Nov. 9.-12.2014

Nikolai Siemens, Bård R. Kittang, Linda Johansson, B. Chakrakodi, Y Kai Larsson, Oddvar Oppegaard, Trond Bruun, Steinar Skrede, INFECT study group, and Anna Norrby-Teglund.  Pathogenic mechanisms of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis in severe soft tissue infections.  XIX Lancefield 2014, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Nov. 9.-12.2014 (oral presentation)

Mattias Svensson, Nikolai Siemens, J.Juarez, L. Bosnak, Anna Norrby-Teglund, INFECT study group. Modelling early events of bacterial infection in an organotypic model of human skin.  XIX Lancefield 2014, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Nov. 9.-12.2014 (oral presentation)

Anna Norrby-Teglund, Mattias Svensson, Ole Hyldegaard, Folke Lind, Ylva Karlsson, Per Arnell, Steinar Skrede, Malak Kotb, Dietmar Pieper, Vitor Martins dos Santos, Francois Vandenesch, Christoph Reschreiter, Doreen Marsden, Eytan Ruppin, INFECT study group.  The INECT-project: A systems medicine approach to advance our understanding of necrotizing soft tissue infection.  XIX Lancefield 2014, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Nov. 9.-12.2014 (oral presentation)

Glambek M, Jordal S, Oppegaard O. Group A and G streptococcal endocarditis in western Norway – clinical parameters, emm types and genes encoding fibronectin-binding proteins. XIX Lancefield International Symposium, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 9-12. November 2014

Trond Bruun, Oddvar Oppegaard, and Steinar Skrede.  Early Treatment Response in Cellulitis.  53 rd ICAAC, Denver, Colorado, USA, September 10.-13. 2013

Bruun T, Oppegaard O, Kittang BT, Langeland N, Mylvaganam H, Skrede S. Clinical characteristics and the role of beta-hemolytic management of Group A Streptococcal infections. Rome, Italy, 21-23. March 2013.

Trond Bruun, Bård R. Kittang, Bram de Hoog, Hans K. Flatten, Sidsel Aardal, Nina Langeland, and Steinar Skrede.  Necrotizing fasciitis caused by group A, C and G streptococci: clinical features, management and molecular characteristics of 62 cases in western Norway.  XVIII Lancefield 2011 International Symposium on Streptococci and Streptococcal Diseases.  Palermo, Italy September 5-8, 2011

Bård Kittang, Steinar Skrede, Nina Langeland, Haima Mylvaganam.  Molecular and clinical characteristics of invasive group A, C and G streptococcal disease in western Norway.  20^th ECCMID Vienna, Austria April 10-13, 2010