Bjørn Blomberg
Position
Professor, Infectious diseases and tropical medicine
Affiliation
Research groups
- HuFEID - The Human Factor in Emerging Infectious Diseases
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Group
- CAMRIA (Combatting Anti-Microbial Resistance with Interdisciplinary Approaches)
- Bergen COVID-19 Research Group
- The Influenza Centre
Research
I work in the infectious diseases research group at UoB and Haukeland University Hospital. Recently focus has been on COVID-19, and our article in Nature Medicine, Long COVID in a prospective cohort of home-isolated patients (Blomberg et al, Nat Med 2021, 27:1607-1613) has been cited 120 times, downloaded 145000 times, and recently got the prices for "article of the year" 2021 from both the Norwegian Infectious Diseases Association and the Faculty of Medicine, UoB.
My PhD-research in Tanzania on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in severe pediatric infections documented for the first time the excessive mortality in children with sepsis caused by of multidrug-resistant ESBL (extended-spectrum beta-lactamase) producing bacteria. Later we have done follow-up studies in Tanzania, including Zanzibar, and in India. I worked for WHO in the group researching and promoting 4-drug fixed-dose combination drugs world-wide to counteract emerging multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). I have planned and supervised a randomized clinical trial (COTRIMRESIST, clinicaltrials.gov ID NCT03087890) on antibiotic chemotherapy and AMR in HIV-patients in Tanzania. I am co-investigator of an ongoing RCT on probiotic use in newborns in rural Tanzania to prevent AMR and increase survival (PRORIDE, clinicaltrials.gov ID NCT04172012).
I am an enthusiastic user of R for statistical analysis.
Teaching
I teach medical students at the University of Bergen since 2008. In 2018 I received the final year students' price for best teacher at medical studies. Apart from that I have been teaching at the international short course in clinical tropical medicine at Christian Medical College, Vellore, India, since its start in 2007, and for a five-years period at the Union's international tuberculosis course in Arusha, Tanzania (www.theunion.org).
I teach various topics in internal medicine and infectious diseases, global health and tropical medicine, including antimicrobial resistance, sepsis, malaria, ebola, tuberculosis
Publications
Conference lecture
- Amit Bansal; Mai Chi Trieu; Anders Madsen et al. (2020). Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 virus in Norwegian health-care workers: an observational prospective cohort study. (external link)
- Amit Bansal; Mai Chi Trieu; Anders Madsen et al. (2020). Low infection and seroconversion rates in frontline healthcare workers during the peak of the Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Bergen, Norway. (external link)
- Amit Bansal; Mai Chi Trieu; Anders Madsen et al. (2020). SARS-COV-2-Specific neutralising antibody responses in Norwegian healthcare workers after the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic: a prospective cohort study. (external link)
- Thandile Gondwe; Bjarne Robberstad; M Mukaka et al. (2017). Delivery strategies of malaria chemoprevention for post-discharge management of children with severe anemia in Malawi (oral). (external link)
Academic article
- Thandile Gondwe; Bjarne Robberstad; Mavuto Mukaka et al. (2018). Delivery strategies for malaria chemoprevention with monthly dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for the post-discharge management of severe anaemia in children aged less than 5 years old in Malawi: a protocol for a cluster randomized trial. (external link)
- Jørgen Gitlesen Krohn; Øystein Alexander Power; Haima Mylvaganam et al. (2024). Endogenous fungal endophthalmitis caused by Cladophialophora devriesii: report of a case and literature review. (external link)
- Joel Manyahi; Sabrina John Moyo; Said Aboud et al. (2021). Predominance of PVL-negative community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 8 in newly diagnosed HIV-infected adults, Tanzania. (external link)
- Bjørn Blomberg; Trond Bruun; Stina Jordal et al. (2024). Ein mann i 60-åra med livstrugande febersjukdom etter utanlandsreise. (external link)
- Torunn Annie Pedersen; Marit Gjerde Tellevik; Øyvind Kommedal et al. (2020). Horizontal plasmid transfer among klebsiella pneumoniae isolates is the key factor for dissemination of extended-spectrum β-lactamases among children in Tanzania. (external link)
- Sabrina John Moyo; Bjørg Haldorsen; Said Aboud et al. (2014). Identification of VIM-2-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Tanzania is associated with sequence types 244 and 640 and the location of blaVIM-2 in a TniC integron. (external link)
- Joel Manyahi; Sabrina John Moyo; Marit Gjerde Tellevik et al. (2020). High prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae among newly HIV-diagnosed adults in a community setting in Tanzania. (external link)
- Silje Johansen; Bjørn Blomberg; Anh Khoi Vo et al. (2022). Weight gain during treatment course of allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with hematological malignancies affects treatment outcome. (external link)
- Bjørn Blomberg; Nina Langeland (2010). Tuberculous meningitis and resistance to isoniazid. (external link)
- Sabrina John Moyo; Bjørn Blomberg; Kurt Hanevik et al. (2014). Genetic diversity of circulating rotavirus strains in Tanzania prior to the introduction of vaccination. (external link)
- Thomas Schwartz; Mogens Jensenius; Bjørn Blomberg et al. (2019). Imported visceral leishmaniasis and immunosuppression in seven Norwegian patients. (external link)
- David Teigen; Robert O. Opoka; Phillip Kasirye et al. (2023). Cost-Effectiveness of Hydroxyurea for Sickle Cell Anemia in a Low-Income African Setting: A Model-Based Evaluation of Two Dosing Regimens. (external link)
- Gro Elizabeth Ann Strøm; Marit Gjerde Tellevik; Maulidi Fataki et al. (2013). No asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia found among 108 young children at one health facility in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. (external link)
- Marit Gjerde Tellevik; Bjørn Blomberg; Øyvind Kommedal et al. (2016). High prevalence of faecal carriage of esbl-producing enterobacteriaceae among children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. (external link)
- Åsmund Heggheim; Bjørn Blomberg; Kristine Mørch (2015). Beredskap ved alvorlig malaria. (external link)
- Javier Arranz; Karen Marie Lundeby; Shoaib Hassan et al. (2016). Clinical features of suspected Ebola cases referred to the Moyamba ETC, Sierra Leone: Challenges in the later stages of the 2014 outbreak. (external link)
- MG Tellevik; johanna u ericson Sollid; Bjørn Blomberg et al. (2007). Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-type SHV-12-producing Enterobacteriaceae causing septicemia in Tanzanian children: vectors for horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance. (external link)
- Laurent Arnaud; Baptiste Hervier; Antoine Neel et al. (2011). CNS involvement and treatment with interferon-alpha are independent prognostic factors in Erdheim-Chester disease: a multicenter survival analysis of 53 patients. (external link)
- Bjørn Blomberg; Kristin Greve-Isdahl Mohn; Karl Albert Brokstad et al. (2021). Long COVID in a prospective cohort of home-isolated patients. (external link)
- Anne Ma Dyrhol-Riise; Gerd Gran; Tore Wentzel-Larsen et al. (2010). Diagnosis and follow-up of treatment of latent tuberculosis; the utility of the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-tube assay in outpatients from a tuberculosis low-endemic country. (external link)
- Gro Elizabeth Ann Strøm; Marit Gjerde Tellevik; Kurt Hanevik et al. (2014). Comparison of four methods for extracting DNA from dried blood on filter paper for PCR targeting the mitochondrial Plasmodium genome. (external link)
- Thor Ueland; Rebecca Jane Cox; Annika Elisabet Michelsen et al. (2025). Markers of T cell activation and exhaustion in plasma are associated with persistent symptoms up to 18 months following mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. (external link)
- Joel Manyahi; Sabrina John Moyo; Said Aboud et al. (2020). High rate of antimicrobial resistance and multiple mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase gene among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from HIV-infected adults in a community setting in Tanzania. (external link)
- Tøri Vigeland Lerum; Niklas Maltzahn; Pål Aukrust et al. (2021). Persistent pulmonary pathology after COVID-19 is associated with high viral load, weak antibody response, and high levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9. (external link)
- Hongchao Pan; Richard Peto; Quarraisha Abdool Karim et al. (2022). Remdesivir and three other drugs for hospitalised patients with COVID-19: final results of the WHO Solidarity randomised trial and updated meta-analyses. (external link)
- Joel Manyahi; Sabrina John Moyo; Nina Langeland et al. (2023). Genetic determinants of macrolide and tetracycline resistance in penicillin non-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from people living with HIV in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. (external link)
- Thandile Gondwe; Job Calis; Michael Boele van Hensbroek et al. (2021). A cohort analysis of survival and outcomes in severely anaemic children with moderate to severe acute malnutrition in Malawi. (external link)
- Hogne Vaagland; Bjørn Blomberg; Carsten Krüger et al. (2004). Nosocomial outbreak of neonatal Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis meningitis in a rural hospital in northern Tanzania. (external link)
- Bjørn Blomberg; Davis S.M. Mwakagile; Willy K. Urassa et al. (2004). Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance at a tertiary hospital in Tanzania. (external link)
- Kanika Kuwelker; Nina Langeland; Iren Høyland Löhr et al. (2021). Use of probiotics to reduce infections and death and prevent colonization with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria among newborn infants in Tanzania (ProRIDE Trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial. (external link)
- Elisabeth Berg Fjelltveit; Rebecca Jane Cox Brokstad; Jørgen Østensjø et al. (2020). Point-of-care influenza testing impacts clinical decision, patient flow and length of stay in hospitalized adults. (external link)
- Nina Urke Ertesvåg; Arild Iversen; Bjørn Blomberg et al. (2023). Post COVID-19 condition after delta infection and omicron reinfection in children and adolescents. (external link)
- Marit Gjerde Tellevik; Sabrina John Moyo; Bjørn Blomberg et al. (2015). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum/hominis, Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia among Young Children with and without Diarrhea in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. (external link)
- Elisabeth Berg Fjelltveit; Bjørn Blomberg; Kanika Kuwelker et al. (2022). Symptom Burden and Immune Dynamics 6 to 18 Months Following Mild Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection (SARS-CoV-2): A Case-control Study. (external link)
- Thandile Gondwe; Bjarne Robberstad; Mavuto Mukaka et al. (2021). Adherence to community versus facility-based delivery of monthly malaria chemoprevention with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for the post-discharge management of severe anemia in Malawian children: A cluster randomized trial. (external link)
- Linn Trovik; Miriam Sandnes; Bjørn Blomberg et al. (2020). Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and miliary tuberculosis in a previously healthy individual: a case report. (external link)
- Kanika Kuwelker; Fan Zhou; Bjørn Blomberg et al. (2021). Attack rates amongst household members of outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 in Bergen, Norway: A case-ascertained study. (external link)
- Denis Katyali; Godfrey Kawau; Bjørn Blomberg et al. (2023). Antibiotic use at a tertiary hospital in Tanzania: findings from a point prevalence survey. (external link)
- Elin Hoffmann Dahl; Knut Anders Mosevoll; Dana Cramariuc et al. (2021). COVID-19 myocarditis and postinfection Bell's palsy. (external link)
- Astrid Onarheim Spjeldnæs; Andrew Y. Kitua; Bjørn Blomberg (2014). Education and knowledge helps combating malaria, but not degedege: A cross-sectional study in Rufiji, Tanzania. (external link)
- Joel Manyahi; Sabrina John Moyo; Upendo Kibwana et al. (2022). First identification of bla NDM-5 producing Escherichia coli from neonates and a HIV infected adult in Tanzania. (external link)
- Daniel Robins; Richard N. Goodman; Ralfh Pulmones et al. (2025). Genome sequence of antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella quasipneumoniae FSFC0558: a novel sequence type (ST8212). (external link)
- Mogens Jensenius; Brita Askeland Winje; Bjørn Blomberg et al. (2016). Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Norway: a nationwide study, 1995-2014. (external link)
- Sabrina John Moyo; Joel Manyahi; Said Aboud et al. (2025). Extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria are associated with high mortality in children with bloodstream infections in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. (external link)
- Richard N. Goodman; Sabrina John Moyo; Ilinca Memelis et al. (2025). Comparative genomics of blood and faecal E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates from neonates with bloodstream infections in Tanzania. (external link)
- Upendo O. Kibwana; Joel Manyahi; Helene Heitmann Sandnes et al. (2023). Fluoroquinolone resistance among fecal extended spectrum βeta lactamases positive Enterobacterales isolates from children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. (external link)
- Valeria Napolitano; Agnieszka Dabrowska; Kenji Schorpp et al. (2022). Acriflavine, a clinically approved drug, inhibits SARS-CoV-2 and other betacoronaviruses. (external link)
- Vasiliki Kitsou; Torbjørn Lunde; Atle Solholm et al. (2024). Complete recovery after fulminant myocarditis in a patient with COVID-19. (external link)
- Bjørn Blomberg; Roland Jureen; Karim P Manji et al. (2005). High rate of fatal cases of pediatric septicemia caused by gram-negative bacteria with extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. (external link)
- Christel Gill Haanshuus; Kristine Mørch; Bjørn Blomberg et al. (2019). Assessment of malaria real-time PCR methods and application with focus on lowlevel parasitaemia. (external link)
- Arild Iversen; Bjørn Blomberg; Kjell Haug et al. (2024). Symptom trajectories of post-COVID sequelae in patients with acute Delta or Omicron infection in Bergen, Norway. (external link)
- Heidi Syre; Marius Eduardo Brå Obreque; Ingvild Dalen et al. (2022). The performances of three commercially available assays for the detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies at different time points following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. (external link)
- Joel Manyahi; Sabrina John Moyo; Marit Gjerde Tellevik et al. (2017). Detection of CTX-M-15 beta-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae causing hospital- and community-acquired urinary tract infections as early as 2004, in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. (external link)
- Therese Bredholt Onyango; Fan Zhou; Geir Bredholt et al. (2023). SARS-CoV-2 specific immune responses in overweight and obese COVID-19 patients. (external link)
- Jenny Jonsdottir Nielsen; Bjørn Blomberg; Shahin Gaini et al. (2018). Aortic valve endocarditis with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: A rare zoonosis. (external link)
- Vasiliki Kitsou; Bjørn Blomberg; Torbjørn Lunde et al. (2022). Intermittent left bundle branch block with septal flash and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome in a young woman with long COVID-19. (external link)
- Øystein Alexander Power; Johan G Brun; Bjørn Blomberg (2012). En kvinne i 30-arene med smerter i fingre og tær. (external link)
- Annette Onken; Said Aboud; Melissa Davidsen Jørstad et al. (2015). Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of microbes causing bloodstream infections in unguja, Zanzibar. (external link)
- Tor A Strand; SK Hollingshead; Kåre Julshamn et al. (2003). Effects of zinc deficiency and pneumococcal surface protein A immunization on zinc status and the risk of severe infection in mice. (external link)
- R Panchagnula; S Agrawal; Y Ashokraj et al. (2004). Fixed dose combinations for tuberculosis: Lessons learned from clinical, formulation and regulatory perspective. (external link)
- Annette Onken; Sabrina John Moyo; Mohammed Khamis Miraji et al. (2024). Predominance of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhi genotype 4.3.1 with low-level ciprofloxacin resistance in Zanzibar. (external link)
- Joel Manyahi; Marit Gjerde Tellevik; Faustine Engelbert Ndugulile et al. (2017). Molecular Characterization of Cotrimoxazole Resistance Genes and Their Associated Integrons in Clinical Isolates of Gram-Negative Bacteria from Tanzania. (external link)
- Kristine Mørch; Anand Manoharan; Sara Chandy et al. (2023). Clinical features and risk factors for death in acute undifferentiated fever: A prospective observational study in rural community hospitals in six states of India. (external link)
- Sabrina John Moyo; Martin Steinbakk; Said Aboud et al. (2012). Penicillin resistance and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae in nasopharyngeal carrier children under 5 years of age in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. (external link)
- Andreas Barratt-Due; Inge Christoffer Olsen; Katerina Nezvalova-Henriksen et al. (2021). Evaluation of the Effects of Remdesivir and Hydroxychloroquine on Viral Clearance in COVID-19 : A Randomized Trial. (external link)
- Kristine Mørch; Anand Manoharan; Sara Chandy et al. (2017). Acute undifferentiated fever in India: A multicentre study of aetiology and diagnostic accuracy. (external link)
- Hans-Kittil Viermyr; Bente Halvorsen; Ellen Lund Sagen et al. (2024). High viral loads combined with inflammatory markers predict disease severity in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: Results from the NOR-Solidarity trial. (external link)
- Yngvar Lunde Haaskjold; Håkon Angell Bolkan; Kurt Krogh et al. (2016). Clinical features of and risk factors for fatal Ebola virus disease, Moyamba District, Sierra Leone, December 2014–February 2015. (external link)
- Bård Reiakvam Kittang; Bjørn Blomberg; Marianne Sævik et al. (2022). SARS CoV-2 Infection among Health Care Workers from Different Health Care Facilities in Western Norway: A Prospective, Cross-Sectional Study. (external link)
- Annette Onken; Christel Gill Haanshuus; Mohammed Khamis Miraji et al. (2022). Malaria prevalence and performance of diagnostic tests among patients hospitalized with acute undifferentiated fever in Zanzibar. (external link)
- Christel Gill Haanshuus; Stein Christian Mohn; Kristine Mørch et al. (2013). A novel, single-amplification PCR targeting mitochondrial genome highly sensitive and specific in diagnosing malaria among returned travellers in Bergen, Norway. (external link)
- Sabrina John Moyo; Kurt Hanevik; Bjørn Blomberg et al. (2014). Genetic diversity of norovirus in hospitalised diarrhoeic children and asymptomatic controls in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. (external link)
- Sabrina John Moyo; Joel Manyahi; Alasdair T. M Hubbard et al. (2021). Molecular characterisation of the first New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase 1-producing Acinetobacter baumannii from Tanzania. (external link)
- Bjørn Blomberg; Bjørg Evjen Olsen; Sven Gudmund Hinderaker et al. (2005). Antimicrobial resistance in urinary bacterial isolates from pregnant women in rural Tanzania: Implications for public health. (external link)
- Geir Bredholt; Marianne Sævik; Hanne Søyland et al. (2024). Three doses of Sars-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine in older adults result in similar antibody responses but reduced cellular cytokine responses relative to younger adults. (external link)
- Elisabeth Berg Fjelltveit; Rebecca Jane Cox; Bård Reiakvam Kittang et al. (2021). Lower antibiotic prescription rates in hospitalized COVID-19 patients than influenza patients, a prospective study. (external link)
- Bjørn Oskar Hoftvedt; Eline Thorleifsson; Kristian Hagestad et al. (2007). Fra kooperasjon til kapitalisme [From cooperation to capitalism]. (external link)
- Claus Andreas Klingenberg; Museveni Ntwalibalilimba Justine; Sabrina John Moyo et al. (2025). Home administration of a multistrain probiotic once per day for 4 weeks to newborn infants in Tanzania (ProRIDE): a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial. (external link)
- Upendo O. Kibwana; Joel Manyahi; Sabrina John Moyo et al. (2024). Antimicrobial resistance profile of Enterococcus species and molecular characterization of Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium from the fecal samples of newly diagnosed adult HIV patients in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. (external link)
- Aase Berg; Sam Patel; Nina Langeland et al. (2008). Falciparum malaria and HIV-1 in hospitalized adults in Maputo, Mozambique: does HIV-infection obscure the malaria diagnosis?. (external link)
- Jessica Renz; Kazeem Adesina Dauda; Olav Nicolay Larsson Aga et al. (2025). Evolutionary accumulation modeling in AMR: machine learning to infer and predict evolutionary dynamics of multi-drug resistance. (external link)
- Amit Bansal; Ida Sofie Karlsen Sletten; Le, Tung Thanh et al. (2026). Systematic review protocol: evaluation of candidate platforms and vaccines for emerging and re-emerging viral threats | Systematic Reviews. (external link)
Conference poster
- Marit Gjerde Tellevik; johanna u ericson Sollid; Bjørn Blomberg et al. (2005). Prevalence and characterization of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing isolates from children with bacteraemia in Tanzania. (external link)
- Thandile Gondwe; Bjarne Robberstad; Mavuto Mukaka et al. (2019). Effectiveness Of Community Versus Facility Delivery Strategies On Adherence To Dihydroartemesinin-Piperaquine For Post-Discharge Malaria Chemoprevention In Management Of Severe Anaemia In Malawian Children. (external link)
- Thandile Gondwe; Bjarne Robberstad; Mavuto Mukaka et al. (2019). Effectiveness Of Community Versus Facility Delivery Strategies On Adherence To Dihydroartemesinin-Piperaquine For Post-Discharge Malaria Chemoprevention In Management Of Severe Anaemia In Malawian Children. (external link)
- Thandile Gondwe; Bjarne Robberstad; M Mukaka et al. (2017). Delivery strategies of malaria chemoprevention for post-discharge management of children with severe anemia in Malawi (poster). (external link)
Academic literature review
- Bjørn Blomberg; Bernard Fourie (2003). Fixed-dose combination drugs for tuberculosis: application in standardised treatment regimens. (external link)
- Elin Hoffmann Dahl; Placide Mbala; Sylvain Juchet et al. (2024). Improving Ebola virus disease outbreak control through targeted post-exposure prophylaxis. (external link)
- Bjørn Blomberg (2008). Antibiotikaresistens i utviklingsland. (external link)
- Trym Fauchald; Bjørn Blomberg; Håkon Reikvam (2023). Tuberculosis-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: A Review of Current Literature. (external link)
Non-fiction monograph
Media interview
Media feature article
Music performance
Letter to the editor
Professional article
Conference abstract
See a complete overview of publications in Cristin.
I have have over 100 articles on pubmed, including 15 as first author and 23 as last author. Frequently cited articles include [1-5]
1. Blomberg B, Mohn KG, Brokstad KA, Zhou F, Linchausen DW, Hansen BA, Lartey S, Onyango TB, Kuwelker K, Saevik M, et al: Long COVID in a prospective cohort of home-isolated patients. Nat Med 2021, 27:1607-1613.
2. Blomberg B, Manji KP, Urassa WK, Tamim BS, Mwakagile DS, Jureen R, Msangi V, Tellevik MG, Holberg-Petersen M, Harthug S, et al: Antimicrobial resistance predicts death in Tanzanian children with bloodstream infections: a prospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2007, 7:43.
3. Blomberg B, Jureen R, Manji KP, Tamim BS, Mwakagile DS, Urassa WK, Fataki M, Msangi V, Tellevik MG, Maselle SY, Langeland N: High rate of fatal cases of pediatric septicemia caused by gram-negative bacteria with extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. J Clin Microbiol 2005, 43:745-749.
4. Blomberg B, Fourie B: Fixed-dose combination drugs for tuberculosis: application in standardised treatment regimens. Drugs 2003, 63:535-553.
5. Blomberg B, Spinaci S, Fourie B, Laing R: The rationale for recommending fixed-dose combination tablets for treatment of tuberculosis. Bull World Health Organ 2001, 79:61-68.